Download Waves

Species
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Traits
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Variations
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a group of organisms
that can breed and
produce fertile offspring
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characteristic that is
inherited can be either
dominant or recessive
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differences among
individuals of a species
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Adaptation
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Natural Selection
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Fossils
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evolution of a structure, behavior, or
internal process that enables an
organism to respond to stimuli
and better survive in an environment
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mechanism of change in populations;
occurs when organisms with certain
variations survive, reproduce, and pass
their variations to the next generation
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physical evidence of an organism
that lived long ago that scientists
use to study the past; evidence may
appear in rock, amber, or ice
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Cast Fossils
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Mold Fossils
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Petrified Fossils
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are formed when original parts
are dissolved away and the resulting
space becomes filled either with
sediment or mineral matter
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are formed when there is any reproduction
of the anatomical features of the internal or
external surface of an organism.
Animal tracks preserved in rocks may be
termed external molds. An impression
is actually an external mold.
fossils where the dead organism
gradually gets replaced by minerals.
This means that you can study the
internal structure of a petrified fossil
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Trace Fossils
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Fossil Record
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Geologic Time Scale
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marks left behind by
the organism while it was
alive, such as the footprint or
feces of a reptile
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all of the fossils that have
existed throughout life's
history, whether they have
been found or not.
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is a calendar of earth’s history
based on evidence found in rocks.
The scale is divided into 4 eras
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Era
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Period
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Epoch
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two or more periods
comprise a geological era
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the period is the basic unit of
geological time in which a single
type of rock system is formed
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some periods are
divided into epochs
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Relative Dating
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Law of Superposition
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Index Fossils
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a way to tell which fossils
are older according to
where they are found
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fossils found further down in the
ground are considered older than
those found closer to the surface
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the fossil remains of an organism
that lived in a particular geologic
age, used to identify or date the
rock or rock layer in which it is found
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Trilobites
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Extinction
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Crust
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are extinct arthropods. They appeared
in the Cambrian period they are now
extinct. They are the second most
famous fossil with dinosaurs being first
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when the last members
of a species die
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the layer of rock that
forms earth’s outer surface
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Mantle
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Core
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Primary Waves
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the layer of hot solid
material between earth’s
crust and core
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the deepest part of the earth
contains two parts an outer
core that is liquid and an
inner core that is solid
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a type of seismic wave that
compresses and expands the
ground. These are the first
waves to arrive
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Secondary Waves
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Surface Wave
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Epicenter
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a type of seismic wave that
moves the ground up and
down or side to side
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a type of wave that forms when both
P waves and S waves reach earth’s
surface. These waves move more slowly
than S and P waves, but they produce
the most severe ground movements
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the point on the earth’s
surface directly above
an earthquake’s focus
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Seismograph
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Igneous
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Sedimentary
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a device that records the
ground movements caused
by seismic waves as they
move through the earth
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a type of rock that is formed
by the cooling of molten rock
at or below the surface
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a type of rock that forms when
particles from other rocks or the
remains of plants or animals are
pressed and cemented together
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Metamorphic
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Rock Cycle
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Fossil Fuels
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a type of rock that forms
from an existing rock that
is changed by heat, pressure,
or chemical reactions
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a series of processes on
the surface and inside
earth that slowly changes
rocks from one type to another
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a nonrenewable energy source produced
from the remains of organisms that
lived long ago (examples include coal,
oil, and natural gas)
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Plate Tectonics
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Lithospheric Plates
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Plate Boundaries
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the theory that pieces of
the earth’s lithosphere are in
constant motion, driven by
convection currents in the mantle
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a rigid layer of earth made
up of the uppermost part
of the mantle and the crust
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this is where the edges
of lithospheric plates meet
Volcanic Eruptions
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Mountain Building
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Topographic Maps
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where magma comes to the surface this
causes new rock to be added to existing
land and can form new islands (although
destructive in nature it is considered a
constructive earth building force)
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the formation of mountains
can be by the uplifting of faults
and by folding and
compression of the earth
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a two-dimensional representation
of a three-dimensional land surface
that shows both the horizontal and
vertical positions of the terrain
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Solar System
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Planet
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Moon
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the sun and the non-luminous
objects that orbit it including
the planets, comets, and asteroids
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a non-luminous (does not give off
light) object, larger than a comet
or asteroid that orbits a star
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a natural satellite
revolving around
a planet
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Asteroid
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Comet
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Meteor
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objects that revolve around
the sun that are too small
and too numerous to be
considered planets
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a ball of ice and dust whose
orbit is a long narrow ellipse
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a streak of light in the
sky produced by the
burning of a meteoroid
in the earth’s atmosphere
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Meteoroid
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Photosphere
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Corona
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a chunk of rock or dust in space
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the inner layer of
the sun’s atmosphere
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the outer layer of
the sun’s atmosphere
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Sunspots
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Prominences
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Solar Flares
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a dark area of gas on the
sun that is cooler than
the surrounding gases
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a loop of gas that protrudes
from the sun’s surface,
linking parts of sunspot regions
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an explosion of hydrogen gas
from the sun’s surface that
occurs when loops in sunspot
regions suddenly connect
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Solar Wind
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Auroras
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Rotation
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a stream of electrically
charged particles produced
by the sun’s corona
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are luminous atmospheric phenomenon appearing
as streamers or bands of light sometimes visible
in the night sky in northern or southern regions
of the earth. It is thought to be caused by
charged particles from the sun entering the
earth's magnetic field and stimulating
molecules in the atmosphere.
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the spinning motion of
a planet about its axis
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Day
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Axis
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Year
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the 24-hour period during
which the earth completes
one rotation on its axis
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an imaginary line that passes
through the earth’s center and
the North and South poles, about
which the earth rotates
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is the period of time during which earth
completes a single revolution around the
sun, consisting of 365 days, 5 hours, 49
minutes, and 12 seconds of mean solar
time.
Seasons
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Equinox
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Elliptical Orbit
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is one of the four natural divisions of the year,
spring, summer, fall, and winter, in the North
and South Temperate zones. Each season,
beginning astronomically at an equinox or
solstice, is characterized by specific
meteorological or climatic conditions.
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the two days of the year in
which neither hemisphere of
the earth is tilted toward or
away from the sun
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when one object is in orbit around another
object, the orbit is usually an elliptical
orbit. An ellipse is a shape that can be
thought of as a "stretched out"
circle or an oval.
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Phases of the Moon
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Eclipses
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Solar Eclipse
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depends on how much of the sunlit side of
the moon faces earth
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a result of an alignment of earth,
sun, and moon, so that earth’s
shadow hits the moon or the
moon’s shadow hits earth
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the blocking of sunlight to earth
that occurs when the moon is
between the sun and earth
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Lunar Eclipse
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Partial Eclipse
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Spring Tide
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the blocking of sunlight
to the moon that occurs
when the earth is directly
between the sun and moon
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a lunar eclipse where the moon does not
completely enter the earth’s shadow or a
solar eclipse where the moon does not
completely cover the sun
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is a tide with the greatest difference
between low and high tides. This occurs
when the sun, earth and the moon are
aligned in a straight line, so the pull of
gravity is the strongest. This occurs at a
new moon and a full moon.
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Neap Tide
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Gravity
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Mass
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are tides that occur when the sun and the
moon are pulling on the earth at right angles.
When the sun and moon are at right angles to
earth there is very little tide change.
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the attractive force between
two objects; it’s magnitude
depends on their masses and
the distance between them
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the amount of matter in an object
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Weight
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Galaxies
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Spiral Galaxies
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a measure of the heaviness of an
object. (similar to mass but takes
into account the pull of gravity)
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made up of billions
of stars and have
different shapes
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nucleus of bright
stars and two or more
spiral arms
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Irregular Galaxies
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Light Year
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Optical Telescopes
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Galaxies with no definite shape.
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measure the distance
to stars and galaxies
in space
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collect visible light, then use
convex lenses or mirrors to
focus the light producing larger,
brighter images of distant
objects in space
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Radio Telescopes
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Satellites
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Space Probes
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receive radio waves emitted from
objects in space, including from
very distant stars and galaxies; it
can receive information in any
weather and during day or night
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placed in orbit around earth with
instruments and telescopes that collect
information from space and are not
hampered by earth’s atmosphere
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contain instruments to collect data and
travel out of earth’s orbit to explore places
that would be too dangerous for
astronomers; the instruments that a probe
contains depends upon the space mission
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Spectroscopes
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Motion
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Position
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collect the light from distant stars and
separate that light into bands of different
colors; by studying these bands,
astronomers identify the elements in a star
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is a change in position of an
object with respect to time
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is the location of an object. The change in
position is measured in distance (length of
the path) moved from one position
(reference point) to another
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Direction
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Speed
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Time-Distance Graph
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is the relationship of the
position of a moving object
to another position
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the distance traveled by an object in one
unit of time; that is, speed is the rate of
change of the position of an object, or how
long it takes something to move a distance.
Speed does not necessarily mean that
something is moving fast
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this graph can be used to describe
the position, direction and speed
of the motion of the object
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Average Speed
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Effect of Forces: Gravity
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Effect of Forces: Friction
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time at which something
covers a given distance
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a force that pulls objects
toward each other without
direct contact or impact
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it can slow down or stop the
motion of an object
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Balanced Forces
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Unbalanced Forces
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Inertia
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cause no change in the
motion of an object
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are not equal, and they always
cause a change in the magnitude
and direction of a moving object
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is the tendency of objects to
resist any change in motion
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Waves
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Waves: Mechanical
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Waves: Electromagnetic
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is a repeating disturbance, vibration,
or movement that transfers or moves
energy from place to place
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waves that travel through matter
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waves that can travel
through empty space
where matter is not present
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Wave properties: Frequency
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Wave Properties: Amplitude
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Wave Properties: Wavelength
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the number of full wavelengths
that pass a point each second
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the greatest distance that
vibrations in a wave move
from their normal position
when a wave passes by
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the distance between one
point on a wave and the
nearest point just like it
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Wave Properties: Speed
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Wave Behaviors: Refraction
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Wave Behaviors: Reflection
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is the distance per time
that a given wave travels
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the bending of waves caused by a
change in their speed as they pass
from one medium to another
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the bouncing back of a wave
when it meets a surface or
boundary that does not absorb
the entire wave’s energy
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Hearing:
Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear
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Sight:
Cornea, Lens, Retina
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Color: Absorption of Light Rays
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sound waves are gathered by the outer ear made up of
the ear, the ear canal, and the eardrum. The outer ear
is shaped to help capture the sound waves (energy
transferred in particles of air) and send them to the ear
canal, which transfers them to the eardrum. The
vibrations of air particles cause the eardrum to vibrate.
It amplifies sound waves, transmits vibrations from the
bones of the middle ear to the liquid in the inner ear
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a transparent tissue that transmits and refracts
light to the pupil, the opening in the iris of the eye
in front of the lens. It refracts the light further and
focuses the light waves on the retina. Located on
the back of the inside of the eye and is composed of
tiny nerves that transfer the energy of the light
waves to nerve impulses transmitted to the brain
for interpretation as sight.
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absorption of certain light waves by
various materials causes those materials to
not transfer those wavelengths of light to
the human eye
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Color: Reflection of Light Waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Visible Light
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reflection of certain wavelengths of light by
various materials causes those materials to
appear as a certain color to humans
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the entire range of
wavelengths is called the
electromagnetic spectrum
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is the range of electromagnetic
waves that can be detected
by the human eye
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Infrared Radiation
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Ultraviolet Radiation
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has longer wavelengths than red
wavelengths of visible light
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has smaller wavelengths than violet
wavelengths of visible light. Ultraviolet
radiation is higher in energy than visible
light. Too much exposure to the ultraviolet
radiation from the Sun is damaging, but
some exposure is healthy
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