Download NAME PER 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide. HW 40 points – due

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WAVES
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2nd Semester Exam Study Guide. HW 40 points – due Monday, 5/14, at the BEGINNING of class
Electromagnetic waves transfer:energy
Mechanical waves transfer:energy
How fast are electromagnetic waves? All EM waves travel at light speed (~300,000,000 m/s)
What is happening with the light waves that makes a blue bird look blue? Blue light is reflected from the bird to your eye
What is happening with the light waves that makes a black t-shirt appear black? All light is absorbed by the shirt
What is happening with the light waves that makes a white t-shirt appear white? All light is reflected by the shirt
What is a mechanical wave? A wave that requires a medium to travel through (solid, liquid, gas)
Give 4 examples of mechanical waves. Ocean wave, p-wave, s-wave, sound wave
What is an electromagnetic wave? A transverse wave of energy that can travel through empty space
Give 7 examples of EM waves, in order from lowest frequency to highest. Radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, xray, gamma
What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves? As frequency increases, wavelength
decreases
What are the highest energy electromagnetic waves? gamma
Sketch a transverse wave. Label the wavelength, amplitude, crest, and trough
Sketch a compressional (longitudinal) wave. Label the compressions, rarefactions, and wavelength.
What is the purpose of the outer ear? Collect sound
What is the purpose of the middle ear? transfer sound to the inner ear
What is the purpose of the inner ear? convert vibrations into nerve impulses for the brain
Name the bones of the middle ear. hammer, anvil, stirrup
What organ is in the inner ear? cochlea
Where does the optic nerve send information?brain
What does the lens do to light that enters the eye? Refracts it and focuses it on the retina
What is the purpose of the cornea? Protects the eye, refracts light
What is the purpose of the iris? Controls the size of the pupil – controls how much light enters the eye
What is the purpose of the retina? Has light detecting cells
What type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength? Radio waves
What type of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength? gamma
What type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest frequency? gamma
What type of electromagnetic radiation has the lowest frequency? Radio waves
List the colors of the visible spectrum in order from highest energy to lowest. Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
Is a sound wave compressional or transverse? compressional
Is a sound wave mechanical or electromagnetic? mechanical
Is a light wave compressional or transverse? transverse
Is a light wave mechanical or electromagnetic? EM
What is the formula for wave speed? V=f∙λ (wave speed = frequency x wavelength)
What happens to light as it passes through a prism? Refraction – white light bends and shows all colors
What happens to light as it passes through a window? Transmission – the light passes through
Define transparent. All light passes through
Define translucent. Some light passes through
Define opaque. No light passes through.
FORCE AND MOTION
40.) What is the speed equation? D=rt (distance = rate x time) OR v= d/t (velocity = distance ÷ time)
41.) What is velocity? A speed and a direction
42.) What is acceleration? A change in velocity (speed or direction or both)
43.) What is the difference between average speed and instantaneous speed? Average is calculated over a period of time, instantaneous is
at one moment of time
44.) What is constant speed? An unchanging speed
45.) Calculate the average speed of a car that travels 100 miles in 5 hours. 100 ÷ 5 = 20mi/hr
46.) If a worm moves at the speed of 2cm/sec, how far will it travel in 45 seconds?d=rt
= 2 x 45 = 90cm
47.) If a dog moves at the speed of 3 m/sec, how long will it take to travel 100m? 100/3 = 33.3sec
48.) What is the effect of inertia on your body as a car you are traveling in goes around a curve? Your body wants to continue traveling in a
straight line
49.) What is Newton’s First Law? inertia
50.) What is Newton’s Second Law? F=ma
51.) What is Newton’s Third Law? Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
52.) What is inertia? An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force.
53.) How fast is g? (acceleration due to gravity) 9.8 m/s2
54.) Do more massive objects fall faster or slower in a gravitational field? All objects fall with the same acceleration due to gravity if you
disregard air resistance.
55.) What is the difference between mass and weight? Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the force that gravity exerts on
a mass. Mass is unchanging, while weight depends on the gravity.
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On a distance-time graph, a flat line (horizontal) means what? Object is stopped
On a distance-time graph, a steep line upward(diagonal) means what? Object is moving at a constant speed
On a speed-time graph, a flat line (horizontal) means what? Object is moving at a constant speed
On a speed-time graph, a steep line upward(diagonal) means what? Object is accelerating
Give a metric unit for speed. m/s
Give a metric unit for velocity. m/s, north
Give a metric unit for acceleration. m/s2
Give a metric unit for force. N (Newton)
A plane flies 200km south for 1.5 hours. What is its velocity? 133.3km/hr south
Calculate the acceleration of an object that slows from 18m/s to 10m/s in 4 seconds. (10-18)/4 = -2m/s2
What speed will a car be traveling after accelerating at 5m/s2 for 8 seconds if its original speed was 10m/s? 50m/s
ASTRONOMY
67.) What causes day and night on Earth? Earth’s rotation
68.) What causes seasons on Earth? Differential heating of the Earth caused by different amounts of direct sunlight due to the tilt of the
Earth’s axis.
69.) How long is a light year? The distance light can travel in a year. ~10 trillion km
70.) Why do sunspots appear darker than the rest of the Sun’s surface? They are cooler
71.) What is the solar wind? Stream of electrically charged particles coming off the Sun in every direction
72.) What is a solar flare? An explosion on the Sun’s surface
73.) What is a CME? Coronal Mass Ejection – very dangerous explosion that hurls high energy matter out into space
74.) Name the 3 main types of galaxies. Spiral, elliptical, irregular
75.) What type of galaxy is the Milky Way? Spiral
76.) Where is our solar system located within the Milky Way galaxy? About 2/3 of the way out on one of the arms
77.) What force pulls all matter together? gravity
78.) What 2 forces keep planets traveling in orbits? Gravity & inertia
79.) What 2 things affect the amount of gravitational force between two objects? Mass and distance
80.) What time of year is the Earth closest to the Sun? Early January
81.) What is the order of the Earth, Sun, and Moon during a solar eclipse? Sun – moon – Earth
82.) What is the order of the Earth, Sun, and Moon during a lunar eclipse? Sun – Earth – moon
83.) What is the order of the Earth, Sun, and Moon during a neap tide? At a right angle
84.) What is the order of the Earth, Sun, and Moon during a spring tide? Sun – moon – Earth or Sun – Earth – moon
85.) What causes tides? The Moons gravity pulls on the water beneath it. The Sun’s gravity also has an effect
86.) How many tide changes does the Earth experience each day? 2 high tides, 2 low tides
87.) How long does one complete cycle of moon phases last? About a month ~29.5 days
88.) How long does one complete revolution of the Earth take? 365.25 days
89.) How long does one complete rotation of the Earth take? 24 hours
90.) Describe our Sun, as it compares to other stars. Average size
91.) What percentage of the Moon is lit by the Sun (disregard eclipses)? 50%
92.) During what moon phase can a solar eclipse occur? New
93.) During what moon phase can a lunar eclipse occur? Full
94.) Name the terrestrial planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
95.) Name the gas giants. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
96.) Name the dwarf planets (5). Ceres, Pluto, Makemake, Haumea, Eris
97.) Name 2 comets. Halley, Hale-Bopp, Shoemaker-Levy-9
98.) What orbits the Sun between the inner and the outer planets? Asteroid belt
99.) What unit would be used to measure the distance between the Earth and Moon? Km (384,400km)
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What unit would be used to measure the distance between the Earth and Sun? 1 AU (~150,000,000km)
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What unit would be used to measure the distance between stars or galaxies? ly – light year