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Transcript
Species 8-2 Traits 8-2 Variations 8-2 a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring 8-2 characteristic that is inherited can be either dominant or recessive 8-2 differences among individuals of a species 8-2 Adaptation 8-2 Natural Selection 8-2 Fossils 8-2 evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment 8-2 mechanism of change in populations; occurs when organisms with certain variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation 8-2 physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago that scientists use to study the past; evidence may appear in rock, amber, or ice 8-2 Cast Fossils 8-2 Mold Fossils 8-2 Petrified Fossils 8-2 are formed when original parts are dissolved away and the resulting space becomes filled either with sediment or mineral matter 8-2 are formed when there is any reproduction of the anatomical features of the internal or external surface of an organism. Animal tracks preserved in rocks may be termed external molds. An impression is actually an external mold. fossils where the dead organism gradually gets replaced by minerals. This means that you can study the internal structure of a petrified fossil 8-2 Trace Fossils 8-2 Fossil Record 8-2 Geologic Time Scale 8-2 marks left behind by the organism while it was alive, such as the footprint or feces of a reptile 8-2 all of the fossils that have existed throughout life's history, whether they have been found or not. 8-2 is a calendar of earth’s history based on evidence found in rocks. The scale is divided into 4 eras 8-2 Era 8-2 Period 8-2 Epoch 8-2 two or more periods comprise a geological era 8-2 the period is the basic unit of geological time in which a single type of rock system is formed 8-2 some periods are divided into epochs 8-2 Relative Dating 8-2 Law of Superposition 8-2 Index Fossils 8-2 a way to tell which fossils are older according to where they are found 8-2 fossils found further down in the ground are considered older than those found closer to the surface 8-2 the fossil remains of an organism that lived in a particular geologic age, used to identify or date the rock or rock layer in which it is found 8-2 Trilobites 8-2 Extinction 8-2 Crust 8-3 are extinct arthropods. They appeared in the Cambrian period they are now extinct. They are the second most famous fossil with dinosaurs being first 8-2 when the last members of a species die 8-2 the layer of rock that forms earth’s outer surface 8-3 Mantle 8-3 Core 8-3 Primary Waves 8-3 the layer of hot solid material between earth’s crust and core 8-3 the deepest part of the earth contains two parts an outer core that is liquid and an inner core that is solid 8-3 a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. These are the first waves to arrive 8-3 Secondary Waves 8-3 Surface Wave 8-3 Epicenter 8-3 a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side 8-3 a type of wave that forms when both P waves and S waves reach earth’s surface. These waves move more slowly than S and P waves, but they produce the most severe ground movements 8-3 the point on the earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus 8-3 Seismograph 8-3 Igneous 8-3 Sedimentary 8-3 a device that records the ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the earth 8-3 a type of rock that is formed by the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface 8-3 a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants or animals are pressed and cemented together 8-3 Metamorphic 8-3 Rock Cycle 8-3 Fossil Fuels 8-3 a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions 8-3 a series of processes on the surface and inside earth that slowly changes rocks from one type to another 8-3 a nonrenewable energy source produced from the remains of organisms that lived long ago (examples include coal, oil, and natural gas) 8-3 Plate Tectonics 8-3 Lithospheric Plates 8-3 Plate Boundaries 8-3 the theory that pieces of the earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle 8-3 a rigid layer of earth made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust 8-3 this is where the edges of lithospheric plates meet Volcanic Eruptions 8-3 Mountain Building 8-3 Topographic Maps 8-3 where magma comes to the surface this causes new rock to be added to existing land and can form new islands (although destructive in nature it is considered a constructive earth building force) 8-3 the formation of mountains can be by the uplifting of faults and by folding and compression of the earth 8-3 a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional land surface that shows both the horizontal and vertical positions of the terrain 8-3 Solar System 8-4 Planet 8-4 Moon 8-4 the sun and the non-luminous objects that orbit it including the planets, comets, and asteroids 8-4 a non-luminous (does not give off light) object, larger than a comet or asteroid that orbits a star 8-4 a natural satellite revolving around a planet 8-4 Asteroid 8-4 Comet 8-4 Meteor 8-4 objects that revolve around the sun that are too small and too numerous to be considered planets 8-4 a ball of ice and dust whose orbit is a long narrow ellipse 8-4 a streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in the earth’s atmosphere 8-4 Meteoroid 8-4 Photosphere 8-4 Corona 8-4 a chunk of rock or dust in space 8-4 the inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere 8-4 the outer layer of the sun’s atmosphere 8-4 Sunspots 8-4 Prominences 8-4 Solar Flares 8-4 a dark area of gas on the sun that is cooler than the surrounding gases 8-4 a loop of gas that protrudes from the sun’s surface, linking parts of sunspot regions 8-4 an explosion of hydrogen gas from the sun’s surface that occurs when loops in sunspot regions suddenly connect 8-4 Solar Wind 8-4 Auroras 8-4 Rotation 8-4 a stream of electrically charged particles produced by the sun’s corona 8-4 are luminous atmospheric phenomenon appearing as streamers or bands of light sometimes visible in the night sky in northern or southern regions of the earth. It is thought to be caused by charged particles from the sun entering the earth's magnetic field and stimulating molecules in the atmosphere. 8-4 the spinning motion of a planet about its axis 8-4 Day 8-4 Axis 8-4 Year 8-4 the 24-hour period during which the earth completes one rotation on its axis 8-4 an imaginary line that passes through the earth’s center and the North and South poles, about which the earth rotates 8-4 is the period of time during which earth completes a single revolution around the sun, consisting of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 12 seconds of mean solar time. Seasons 8-4 Equinox 8-4 Elliptical Orbit 8-4 is one of the four natural divisions of the year, spring, summer, fall, and winter, in the North and South Temperate zones. Each season, beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice, is characterized by specific meteorological or climatic conditions. 8-4 the two days of the year in which neither hemisphere of the earth is tilted toward or away from the sun 8-4 when one object is in orbit around another object, the orbit is usually an elliptical orbit. An ellipse is a shape that can be thought of as a "stretched out" circle or an oval. 8-4 Phases of the Moon 8-4 Eclipses 8-4 Solar Eclipse 8-4 depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces earth 8-4 a result of an alignment of earth, sun, and moon, so that earth’s shadow hits the moon or the moon’s shadow hits earth 8-4 the blocking of sunlight to earth that occurs when the moon is between the sun and earth 8-4 Lunar Eclipse 8-4 Partial Eclipse 8-4 Spring Tide 8-4 the blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when the earth is directly between the sun and moon 8-4 a lunar eclipse where the moon does not completely enter the earth’s shadow or a solar eclipse where the moon does not completely cover the sun 8-4 is a tide with the greatest difference between low and high tides. This occurs when the sun, earth and the moon are aligned in a straight line, so the pull of gravity is the strongest. This occurs at a new moon and a full moon. 4 Neap Tide 8-4 Gravity 8-4 Mass 8-4 are tides that occur when the sun and the moon are pulling on the earth at right angles. When the sun and moon are at right angles to earth there is very little tide change. 8-4 the attractive force between two objects; it’s magnitude depends on their masses and the distance between them 8-4 the amount of matter in an object 8-4 Weight 8-4 Galaxies 8-4 Spiral Galaxies 8-4 a measure of the heaviness of an object. (similar to mass but takes into account the pull of gravity) 8-4 made up of billions of stars and have different shapes 8-4 nucleus of bright stars and two or more spiral arms 8-4 Irregular Galaxies 8-4 Light Year 8-4 Optical Telescopes 8-4 Galaxies with no definite shape. 8-4 measure the distance to stars and galaxies in space 8-4 collect visible light, then use convex lenses or mirrors to focus the light producing larger, brighter images of distant objects in space 8-4 Radio Telescopes 8-4 Satellites 8-4 Space Probes 8-4 receive radio waves emitted from objects in space, including from very distant stars and galaxies; it can receive information in any weather and during day or night 8-4 placed in orbit around earth with instruments and telescopes that collect information from space and are not hampered by earth’s atmosphere 8-4 contain instruments to collect data and travel out of earth’s orbit to explore places that would be too dangerous for astronomers; the instruments that a probe contains depends upon the space mission 8-4 Spectroscopes 8-4 Motion 8-5 Position 8-5 collect the light from distant stars and separate that light into bands of different colors; by studying these bands, astronomers identify the elements in a star 8-4 is a change in position of an object with respect to time 8-5 is the location of an object. The change in position is measured in distance (length of the path) moved from one position (reference point) to another 8-5 Direction 8-5 Speed 8-5 Time-Distance Graph 8-5 is the relationship of the position of a moving object to another position 8-5 the distance traveled by an object in one unit of time; that is, speed is the rate of change of the position of an object, or how long it takes something to move a distance. Speed does not necessarily mean that something is moving fast 8-5 this graph can be used to describe the position, direction and speed of the motion of the object 8-5 Average Speed 8-5 Effect of Forces: Gravity 8-5 Effect of Forces: Friction 8-5 time at which something covers a given distance 8-5 a force that pulls objects toward each other without direct contact or impact 8-5 it can slow down or stop the motion of an object 8-5 Balanced Forces 8-5 Unbalanced Forces 8-5 Inertia 8-5 cause no change in the motion of an object 8-5 are not equal, and they always cause a change in the magnitude and direction of a moving object 8-6 is the tendency of objects to resist any change in motion 8-6 Waves 8-6 Waves: Mechanical 8-6 Waves: Electromagnetic 8-6 is a repeating disturbance, vibration, or movement that transfers or moves energy from place to place 8-6 waves that travel through matter 8-6 waves that can travel through empty space where matter is not present 8-6 Wave properties: Frequency 8-6 Wave Properties: Amplitude 8-6 Wave Properties: Wavelength 8-6 the number of full wavelengths that pass a point each second 8-6 the greatest distance that vibrations in a wave move from their normal position when a wave passes by 8-6 the distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point just like it 8-6 Wave Properties: Speed 8-6 Wave Behaviors: Refraction 8-6 Wave Behaviors: Reflection 8-6 is the distance per time that a given wave travels 8-6 the bending of waves caused by a change in their speed as they pass from one medium to another 8-6 the bouncing back of a wave when it meets a surface or boundary that does not absorb the entire wave’s energy 8-6 Hearing: Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear 8-6 Sight: Cornea, Lens, Retina 8-6 Color: Absorption of Light Rays 8-6 sound waves are gathered by the outer ear made up of the ear, the ear canal, and the eardrum. The outer ear is shaped to help capture the sound waves (energy transferred in particles of air) and send them to the ear canal, which transfers them to the eardrum. The vibrations of air particles cause the eardrum to vibrate. It amplifies sound waves, transmits vibrations from the bones of the middle ear to the liquid in the inner ear 8-6 a transparent tissue that transmits and refracts light to the pupil, the opening in the iris of the eye in front of the lens. It refracts the light further and focuses the light waves on the retina. Located on the back of the inside of the eye and is composed of tiny nerves that transfer the energy of the light waves to nerve impulses transmitted to the brain for interpretation as sight. 8-6 absorption of certain light waves by various materials causes those materials to not transfer those wavelengths of light to the human eye 8-6 Color: Reflection of Light Waves 8-6 Electromagnetic Spectrum 8-6 Visible Light 8-6 reflection of certain wavelengths of light by various materials causes those materials to appear as a certain color to humans 8-6 the entire range of wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum 8-6 is the range of electromagnetic waves that can be detected by the human eye 8-6 Infrared Radiation 8-6 Ultraviolet Radiation 8-6 has longer wavelengths than red wavelengths of visible light 8-6 has smaller wavelengths than violet wavelengths of visible light. Ultraviolet radiation is higher in energy than visible light. Too much exposure to the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is damaging, but some exposure is healthy 8-6