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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON Ancien Régime: The absolute monarchy under the French Bourbon kings, considered to have ended with the meeting of the Estates-General on May 5, 1789 which led to the French Revolution. Bastille: Ancient fortress in Paris used as a prison that was captured and later demolished by the people of Paris in their search for weapons to possibly fight the king’s soldiers. Bastille Attacked (Storming of the Bastille: The French version of our Fourth of July is called Bastille Day, which celebrates the events of July 14. 1789. On that day, the working class and middle class of Paris attacked the famous French prison called the Bastille. This helped to start the French Revolution. The Paris mob attacked the Bastille to free prisoners and to get the guns stored in the prison. Bourbons: The Bourbon royal dynasty governed France from 1589 to 1793 and from 1814 to 1830, creating an absolute monarchy with total power under Louis XIV and was overthrown during the reign of Louis XVI. Bourgeoisie – French word that means middle class the wealthy who were not nobles. Usually the bourgeoisie are businessmen, merchants, investors, and professionals such as lawyers or doctors. Causes of the French Revolution: The French government went broke helping the Americans during their revolution and they had to tax the poor and middle class more The Church and rich nobles paid no taxes There was a famine (no food) and everyone was starving The poor and middle class had no say in government Duke of Wellington: British general who defeated Napoleon at the battle of Waterloo. Elba: Napoleon was exiled by the European allies to the Mediterranean island of Elba after he quit being emperor of France in 1814. He was given the title Emperor of Elba and ruled over its 110,000 people. Estates General: Legislative government of French monarchy that hadn't been called since 1614, had virtually no power, and consisted of three estates with equal voting power. It was called by Louis XIV in 1789 to fix his money problems. Feudalism dies: The French Revolution demolished the feudal system in France and replaced it with the modern class system and this idea spread to other countries eventually. The nobility and the Church lost much power. The French Revolution led to the final destruction of the feudal system in Europe. Guillotine: The guillotine is a device used for carrying out executions by decapitation. Invasion of Russia: Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, hoping for a short campaign and quick victory. However, the Russian army retreated and forced him to go further and further into Russia. The Russians burned everything so Napoleon’s men could not find food for themselves or their horses. People began to die of hunger. Napoleon managed to make it to Moscow but the Russians burned Moscow after evacuating it. Napoleon had not shelter and was forced to retreat back to France in the dead of the Russian winter. He lost400,000 men and this was the beginning of the end for Napoleon. Lord Nelson: British admiral whose navy constantly defeated the French navy. Nelson defeated a large French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar and prevented Napoleon from invading England. Louis XVI : King of France from 1774 to 1793. He was married to Marie Antoinette, daughter of the Habsburg Empress Marie Theresa. Louis was executed in 1793. Committee of Public Safety: National governing committee that formed the war dictatorship of 17931794 and consisted of 12 men led by Robespierre. It was in charge of the war and general affairs during the Reign of Terror. Marie Antoinette: Queen of France and wife of Louis XVI. She was unpopular with the French people because of her lack of care for them and her love of spending money. She supposedly said “Let them eat cake!” when told the workers were starving from lack of bread. She was executed by the guillotine in 1793. Declaration of the Rights of Man: Basic list of rights the revolutionaries in France believed people should have. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was like a combination of our Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. Josephine/Marie-Josephe-Rose de Beauharnais: The real name of the woman we call today Josephine, Napoleon’s first wife, is the second name here. He did not like her name and called her Josephine. She did not give him a child so he divorced her in 1810. Marsellaise: A song from the French Revolution that became the national anthem of France. Metric System: The system of measurement using liters, meters, kilograms, etc. was invented during the French Revolution to replace the old fashioned ways of measuring. Middle Class: The middle class, called the bourgeoisie were businessmen, merchants, investors, and professionals such as lawyers or doctors. They came to power after the French Revolution took away the power of the nobility and the Church. Napoleon Bonaparte: (1769-1821) French general who became dictator of France (Counsel) in 1799 and then emperor of the French in 1804 and fought many wars against European countries. Napoleon was actually born in Corsica, an island off the coast of Italy that was owned by the French. He spoke French with an Italian accent. Bonaparte came to power during the French Revolution, first as a general, then as a dictator. Napoleon is regarded as one of the greatest generals in history. He met his final defeat at the famous battle of Waterloo. Napoleonic Code: Napoleon changed the law code of France and called it the Napoleonic legal code, of course. It is still used today in France and places like the state of Louisiana. National Assembly: The third estate broke off from the Estates-General in June of 1789 and formed the National Assembly, declaring themselves the legislature of France. The clergy joined them eventually. Oath of the Tennis Court: Locked out of the legislature building in 1789, the Third Estate’s National Assembly met in the King's tennis courts and declared they would not return to their provinces until France had a constitution for the average person. Reign of Terror: Time period during the French Revolution when thousands of people had their heads chopped off in the guillotine for supposedly being traitors to France. Maximilien Robespierre was in charge of the Reign of Terror and eventually had his head chopped off also. Robespierre, Maximilien: Robespierre was a French revolutionary politician who came to run France during the Reign of Terror. He put to death large numbers of people and he died himself by the guillotine. Royalists or Monarchists: These terms refers to supporters of the French king. Sans-culottes: French phrase that means "those without breeches” The sans-culottes were the average working class people of Paris who wore pants without the knee stockings. St. Helena: After his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the South Atlantic island of St. Helena, owned by the British. He stayed there under guard until he died in 1821. Symbols: Several symbols of the French Revolution were the: sans culottes: wearing pants with no long knee socks funny looking hats called Phrygian hats the three colored flag of France...tri-color The Hundred Days: The Hundred Days or the Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to the period between March, 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and July 1815, after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo by Wellington. Three Estates of France: First Estate - The clergy, members of the Catholic and Protestant churches Second Estate - The nobility Third Estate – the poor and middle class including the professional class of lawyers and doctors Versailles: Huge palace of the French kings about twelve miles from Paris. Louis XIV built Versailles and he moved his court and government there in 1682. Waterloo: A town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat in 1815 at the hands of the British and French armies under the Duke of Wellington. “Whiff of grapeshot”: Famous saying of Napoleon when he fired on a Royalist (they supported the king) mob with cannon. This made Napoleon famous.