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Page |1 Chemistry of Life Vocab Term Definition Example Atom Smallest basic unit of matter. Element One particular type of atom. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon Molecule Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio. An atom that has gained or lost an electron. O2 and H2O Compound Ion Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Hydrogen bond Polar Nonpolar Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solvent Solute Acid Base / Alkaline pH Monomer Forms between positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion. Atoms share pairs of electrons. The positive charge from the hydrogen atom of one water molecule can attract a negative charge from another molecule. Two atoms form a molecule using a covalent bond. having partial positive and partial negative charges Molecule which has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed. The attraction of molecules of the same substance. The attraction among molecules of different substances. Mixture of substances that is equally mixed throughout. Substance that there is more of, and that dissolves the other substances. The substance that dissolves in the solvent. A compound that releases a hydrogen ion. An acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Removes H+ ions from a solution. After a base dissolves in water, the solution has a low H+ concentration. Measurement of acidity; related to the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. One subunit of a molecule. H2O Na+ and ClOne is positive and one is negative NaCl, sodium chloride or table salt Holds oxygen and hydrogen together in a water molecule. Occur between water molecules. Water Oil Water forms beads or droplets Water travels from roots to leaves in plant Kool-Aid Water Sugar Lemon juice Bleach Scale 1-14 Glucose Page |2 Polymer Molecule that contains many monomers bonded together. Starch Carbohydrates Made of CHO, main source of energy; includes sugars and starches. Sugars and Starches (pasta) Lipids Nonpolar molecule made up of CHO; includes fats and oils. Long term energy storage. Hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid. Polymer made of monomers called amino acids. Contain CHONS, building blocks of proteins (monomers). Fats Polymer made up of monomers called nucleotides. Monomer made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. Change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds. Substances that are changed during a chemical reaction. DNA, RNA Fatty Acids Protein Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Chemical Reaction Reactants Products Substances made by a chemical reaction. Bond Energy The amount of energy needed to break a bond between two atoms. When reactants and products are made at the same rate. Equilibrium Butter Meat, beans, nuts Meat, beans, nuts A, T, G, C, and U Activation Energy The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start. See graph below. Endothermic Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases. Chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs. Substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Increase rates of reactions. Catalysts for chemical reactions. Speed up processes. Reactant in a chemical reaction in which an enzyme acts. Photosynthesis Exothermic Catalyst Enzymes Substrate Cellular Respiration Enzyme Amylase Reactant Page |3