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Transcript
ESPM 120 Soil Characteristics Fall 2005 ESPM 120 (CCN 29340) “Soil Characteristics” Fall 2005 Instructor and Office Hours: Ronald Amundson 317 Hilgard Hall phone: 643-7890 e-mail: [email protected] Office Hours: M,W 1:30-3:00 Assistant Jon Sanderman 47 Hilgard phone: 643-6910 e-mail: [email protected] Class Web Site: Source for all handouts, figures, homework. http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/espm-120 UNITS: 3 LECTURES: Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 10-11am, 132 Mu lford Hall FIELD TRIP: This is a required part of the course: 8:00am to 6:30pm, Saturday, October 8, 2005. Written report is required. TEXTBOOK: The Nature & Properties of Soils, 13th Edition, by N.C. Brady and R.R. Weil, 2002. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey. EXAM INATIONS AND CREDIT BREAKDOWN: Midterm Exam I Midterm Exam II Final Exam Field Trip Report Assignments, Participation 20% 20% 25% 15% 20% ASSIGNMENTS: Eight main assignments will be distributed throughout the semester, and they will be due about a week later. They may form the basis of in-class discussions on some class days; therefore, having them completed will help with your participation grade. There will also be a Field Trip report. Late assignments will be subject to a reduction in score. Week 1 Month Augu st Day 29 Topic Introduc tion: Soils and Berkele y Introduc tion to the Soil System Introduc tion to the Soil System Demo: Soils in Daily Life HOLIDAY: L abor Day Soil Formation: Factors and Processes Demo: Getting Dirty Soil Architecture: Horizons, Particles and Aggregates Continu ed Demo: Soil texture and density (taking a bath with Archimedes) Reading 19 21 23 Soil Classific ation Soil Classific ation Soil Classific ation Chap. 3 26 Chap. 8 28 30 Soil Architecture: Chemistry and m inerals Continu ed Demo: Minerals and clay 3 5 7 Soil Atmosphere EXAM 1 Continu ed Chap. 7 10 12 14 Water in Soils Water in Soils Demo: Soil temperature, CO2 Soil hyd rolog ic al c ycle s continued Demo: Soil Water Soil acidity Soil Salinity Discussion: Soil Salinity in California Soil ecology Continu ed Soil Carbon Cy cle Chap. 5 31 2 2 September 5 7 9 12 3 14 16 4 5 6 October 7 8 17 19 21 24 26 28 9 10 November 31 2 4 Homework Chap.1 11 1: Soil in ou r lives 12 Soil Carbon Cy cle 7 9 11 14 Continu ed Soil s Nitr ogen Cy cle HOLIDAY: Veterans Day Demo: Measuring soil C and N EXAM 2 16 Chap. 2 No home work Chap. 4 2: Soil calc ulations wit h cla y and BD 18 21 23 13 25 28 14 30 December 3.Soil Classif ication 4: Cation exchange, etc Field Trip Oct. 8 5: Soil water Chap. 6 6: Soil gases Chap. 9 Chap. 10 7: Soil sali nity Chap. 11 Chap. 12 4 8: Soil C cycle and c alculations 15 2 5 7 9 13 Soil N continued Soil P and M icronutrients The Human Foo tprint: Erosion HOLIDAY: T hank sgiv ing The Human Foo tprint: L and Disturbance The Human Foo tprint: C and N Discussion: Soil C and Climate Policy Soil Rating Sys tems Soil Rating Sys tems Review FINAL EXAM 8 -11AM Chap. 12 8: Soil C cycle and c alculations Chap. 13 PAPER TOPIC CHOSEN Chap. 14 Chap. 17 Chap. 4 PAPER DU E History of Pedology • mid 19th Century: no scientific study of soils • Soil science followed closely behind development of geology (early 19th century) and biology (Origin of Species). • Two key contributors to development of Pedology – Vasili Dochuchaev (Russian geographer/mineralogist) – Eugene Hilgard (American geologist/chemist) Dokuchaev and the founders of Russian pedology Eugene Hilgard and Soil Science at Berkeley •Born in Germany •Raised in American frontier (Illinois) in intellectually oriented family •Received PhD at University of Heidelberg –Agricultural chemistry and geology •Accepted position as Assistant State Geology of Mississippi in 1855 Hilgard in Mississippi •Not a glamorous job •Recognized his future with state lie not with geology but agriculture and soils •Produced a landmark document (next slide) with half geology and half soils The Mississippi Report •Detailed discussion of soil formation and soil chemistry •“soil” map of state…. Hilgard’s Agricultural Map •analogous to modern generalized soil map •Map units based on geology and vegetation Hilgard Moves to California •Recruited by UC president in 1874 •Replaced first chair of agriculture (who was fired) Berkeley when Hilgard arrived…. •Despite cultural isolation Hilgard seized opportunty to expand College of Agriculture (now CNR) and make soils a national issue Hilgard and John Wesley Powell (USGS) •Prodded JW Powell to start a national soil survey program (later adopted by USDA) Hilgard and his legacy…. • Mountains, lakes, streets, buildings, journals are all named after Hilgard • His influence was international, inspiring the next generation of scientists, particularly Hans Jenny…… Hans Jenny and Soil Formation • soils form predictably in response to environmental factors (Dokuchaev ~ 1880) • Hans Jenny (1920’s to 1930’s) transformed conceptual model to a more quantitative theory following tenets of physical chemistry State Factor Equation Soil = f (initial conditions, external conditions, time) or, based on field observation Soils = f (climate, biota, topography, parent material, time, …. ) Key Concepts of State Factor Theory •Factors are independent of system –System is small relative to surroundings • A change in variables defines a new system –there are essentially an infinite number of soils