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FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON STUDY GUIDE THREE CAUSES A. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS B. RIGID SOCIAL STRUCTURE/ORDER C. FINANCIAL CRISES TAILLE • FRANCE’S CHIEF TAX • PAID BY THE THIRD ESTATE ESTATES GENERAL 1789 • Estates General met in 1789 when King Louis XVI called them into session as a result of the financial crisis in France. The Estates General was composed of 300 delegates from the 1st estate, 300 from the 2nd estate and 600 from the 3rd estate. Each estate got one vote and in order to change policy – votes had to be unanimous. 3rd estate proposed taxing the first two estates, they disagreed. 3rd estate then broke away from the estate general and formed the National Assembly. TENNIS COURT OATH • The oath taken by the National Assembly in order to draft a constitution. • The National Assesmbly drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN • Constitution drafted by the National Assembly – rejected • So Declaration of the Rights of Man created to address equal rights for all (of course no political rights for women) NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECREES • Decrees: equality of man before law, and basic liberties: liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. • Women marched to Versailles to make a statement about the poor living conditions they were being forced to endure. • KING AND FAMILY CAPTURED—HE WAS FORCED TO ACCEPT THE NEW DECREES! CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY • Constitutionalizing (SECULARIZING) religion: people elect bishops and priests and they are paid through taxes collected by the people • Priests can marry • Church lands confiscated and sold for the STATE ACTIVE CITIZENS • Men over 25 who pay certain taxes CONSTITUTION OF 1791 • Created a LIMITED MONARCHY in which the king rules with the LEGISLATIVE assembly (the lawmaking body). LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY • LAWMAKING body from the constitution of 1791. SANS CULOTTES • members of the Paris Commune • men w/ out fine pants • commoners/radicals PARIS COMMUNE • Seized power from the Leg. Assembly • Made up of radicals from the third estate • WANTED UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFERAGE GIRONDINS • Located outside of Paris • Wanted to KEEP KING in place in order to keep stability THE MOUNTAIN • Radical Parisian political club • Wanted to EXECUTE KING in order to establish a republic (representative democracy) COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY • Given broad powers by National Convention • Wanted to keep enemies of the revolution out of France – executed enemies of the revolution in the name of national security • DEFEND FRANCE FROM DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN THREATS! MAXIMILLIAN ROBESPIERRE AND THE REIGN OF TERROR • Led the reign of terror • Began as a lawyer for the common folk and then wanted to take power during the rule of the National Convention (HAD PREACHED DEMOCRACY) • Approximately 40,000 people were executed during the reign of terror NATIONAL CONVENTION AND DECHRISTIANIZATION • Wanted to de-Christianize France because the church was an enemy to the revolution • The National Convention thought by taking the church out of the people’s lives they would remain more devoted to the revolution: REASON OVER RELIGION • The National Convention created a new calendar based on seasons and weather rather than religion NAPOLEON’S COUP D’ETAT AND THE DIRECTORY 1799 • Napoleon overthrew the Directory • He became the first consul of France NAPOLEON’S SEVEN LEGAL CODES: CIVIL CODE • Napoleon’s Seven Legal Codes were established to preserve the ideals of the revolution; the codes consolidated the outdated French Law Codes that numbered over 300 and were inconsistent across the country • CIVIL CODE: equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession; religious toleration; and the abolition of serfdom and all feudal obligations NAPOLEON’S NEW BUREAUCRACY • Napoleon was supposed to create a consulate (a republic); however he began to establish a dictatorship. • He did put people in positions based on MERIT– 60% of his bureaucracy were from the middle class RULERS OF NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE • Put his relatives on the throne in order to influence them to spread the ideals of the revolution THREE MAJOR PARTS OF NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE • French Empire • Allied states • Dependent states TWO REASONS WHY NAPOLEON’S GRAND EMPIRE COLLAPSE • The survival of Great Britain • Nationalism DEFEAT OF NAPOLEON’S GRAND ARMY • Defeated by the Russian army • Napoleon took 5 weeks to make a decision about what to do in Russia and by that time, the Russian winter had set in and the Grand Army was unprepared for the temperatures • They had no supplies or food, and the Russians retreated, burned villages, and refused to fight DUKE OF WELLINGTON • British commander who led British and Prussian troops • Defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in Belgium • After the defeat Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena where he died in 1821