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Graph of foreign influences on English Norman conquest of England • It began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) • Battle of Hastings. Language changes One of the most obvious changes was the introduction of AngloNorman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. French retained the status of a prestige language for nearly 300 years and has had a significant influence on the language, which is still visible in Modern English. Computer analysis of the language has shown that the one hundred most common words of English are all of AngloSaxon origin. (McCrum, 61) Origins In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple had allowed a group of Vikings, under their leader Rollo, to settle in northern France with the idea that they would provide protection along the coast against future Viking invaders. The Vikings (known as the Northmen, hence the place name Normandy). They quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism and converting to Christianity and adopted the langue d'oïl and added features from Norse (the Norman language). They further blended into the culture by intermarrying with the local population, and used the territory granted them as a base to extend the frontiers of the Duchy to the west, annexing territory the Bessin, the Cotentin Peninsula and the Channel Islands. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system (centralization, census, sophisticated systems of accounting and taxation) It changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for a rivalry with France. Middle English Period Middle English c 1150-c 1475 Modern (New) English since c 1475 The Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne and was punctuated by several brief and two lengthy periods of peace before it finally ended in the expulsion of the English from France, with the exception of the Calais Pale. Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War (1337-1360), the Caroline War (1369-1389), the Lancastrian War (14151429), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc, (14291453). Linguistic consequences The Hundred Years War with France (13371454) provided a major impetus to speak English, not French. At the same time, the outbreak of the mysterious disease known as “The Black Death”, by making labor scarce, improved and accelerated the rise in status of the English working man. The plague caused so many deaths in the monasteries and churches that a new generation of semieducated, non-French and Latin speakers took over as abbots and prioresses. After the pandemic, English grammar began to be taught in schools, to the detriment of French. English now appears at every level of society. (McCrum, 78) Yersinia pestis Renaissance The Renaissance (French: "rebirth," Italian: "Rinascimento"), was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed the revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science. The Renaissance had wide-ranging consequences in all intellectual pursuits, but is perhaps best known for its artistic aspect and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who have inspired the term "Renaissance men". The Medici family, Florence. The Renaissance Some have called into question whether the Renaissance really was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. By the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. Renaissance thinkers sought out learning from ancient Greek and Latin texts. Scholars scoured Europe's monastic libraries, searching for works of antiquity which had fallen into obscurity. In such texts they found a desire to improve and perfect their worldly knowledge; an entirely different sentiment to the transcendental spirituality stressed by medieval Christianity. They did not reject Christianity; quite the contrary, many of the Renaissance's greatest works were devoted to it, and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art. However, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. The Renaissance's origins Most historians agree that the ideas that characterized the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th century Florence, in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374), as well as the painting of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). The Renaissance was so called because it was a "rebirth" of certain classical ideas that had long been lost to Europe. It has been argued that the fuel for this rebirth was the rediscovery of ancient texts that had been forgotten by Western civilization, but were preserved in some monastic libraries and in the Islamic world, and the translations of Greek and Arabic texts into Latin. Renaissance scholars such as de' Niccoli and Bracciolini scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such classical authors as Plato and Cicero.As the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic Moors progressed, numerous Greek and Arabic works were captured from educational institutions such as the library at Córdoba, which claimed to have 400,000 books. Artists and philosophers Painters strove to portray the human form realistically, developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally. Renaissance men Political philosophers (Machiavelli) sought to describe political life as it really was, and to improve government on the basis of reason. In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek, authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages; The invention of printing (access to books). Assimilation of Greek and Arabic knowledge Greek and Arabic knowledge were not only assimilated from Spain, but also directly from the Middle East. The study of mathematics was flourishing in the Middle East, and mathematical knowledge was brought back by crusaders in the 13th century.The decline of the Byzantine Empire after 1204 - and its eventual fall in 1453 - led to an exodus of Greek scholars to the West. These scholars brought with them texts and knowledge of the classical Greek civilization which had been lost for centuries in the West. Henry VIII of England Reign 22 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 Coronation 24 June 1509 Born 28 June 1491(1491-06-28) Father to Mary I and Elizabeth I His legacy The launching of the English Reformation: the greatest act of his reign would be one of the most radical and decisive of any English monarch. His break with Rome in 1533-4 was an act with enormous consequences for the course of modern English history well beyond the end of the Tudor dynasty: not only in making possible the subsequent transformation of England into a vibrant Protestant society but also in the shift of economic and political power from the Church to the gentry, chiefly through the seizure and transfer of monastic lands and assets — a short-term strategy with long term social consequences. History of the United States Spanish exploration and settlement 1513 Juan Ponce de León explores La Florida Other explorers: De Soto, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Vizcaíno, Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Rodríguez Cabrillo. French colonization 1652-1803 English/British Colonial America 1607 Jamestown colony Powhatan uprising in Virginia