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Chapter Thirteen
Endocrine System
Functions
• Growth and development
• Homeostasis (the internal balance of body
systems)
• Metabolism (body energy levels)
• Reproduction
• Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury)
Hormones – “Messengers”
• What is a hormone?
• chemical transmitter that is
transported via the bloodstream to a
target organ or other cells
• In Greek it means….
• to excite or to urge on.
Hormones - Communicators
Communicators – secretion
Hypersecretion – too much
Or
Hyposecretion – too little of
specific hormones can cause
or be associated with
conditions
Top of the network
Hypothalamus – “Governor”
• Primary link between endocrine system and
nervous system
• The hypothalamus is highly involved in pituitary
gland function.
• When it receives a signal from the nervous
system, the hypothalamus secretes substances
known as neurohormones that start and stop the
secretion of pituitary hormones.
Name Primary Endocrine Glands
• Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)- called the Master Gland
• Anterior lobe
• Posterior lobe
•
•
•
•
•
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Adrenals Gland (supraenals)
• Adrenal Cortex
• Adrenal Medulla
• Ovaries
• Testes
Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
“Master Gland”
• Anterior lobe/
adenohypophysis
(aden/o, hypophys/o)
GH- Growth
ACTH - Andrenocortiocotropin
TSH-Thyroid
FSH- Follicle
LH - Luteinizing
PRL - Prolactin
MSH- Melanocyte
• Posterior lobe/
ADH- Antidiuretic (vasopressin
neurohypophysis
[VP])
(neur/o, hypophys/o) Oxytocin
Pineal Gland
Located near the hypothalamus
Secretion of melatonin and serotonin
Thyroid Gland
• Located in the neck
• Regulation of
metabolism
• Control of calcium
deposited in bones
• Hormones
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triodothyronine (T3)
• Calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
• Located on dorsal
surface of thyroid
• Regulate calcium in the
bloodstream
• Parathyroid hormone
• (PTH)
Pancreas
• Exocrine function (into a duct system or cavity)
• Release digestive enzymes
• Endocrine function (into the blood system)
• Regulate glucose in blood
• Islets of Langerhans
• Glucagon- breakdown of glycogen to glucose
• Insulin – maintains normal blood sugar
• Somatostatin- suppresses the release of
glucagon and insulin
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands/Suprarenals
• Located on top of each kidney
• Adrenal cortex
• Cortisol
• Corticosterone
• Aldosterone
• Testosterone
• Androsterone
• Adrenal medulla
• Dopamine,
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Norepinephrine
(nonadrenaline)
Ovaries and Testes
• Ovaries -located in pelvic
cavity on each side of
uterus
• Estrogens (estradiol,
estrone, and estriol)
• Progesterone
• Testes – located in scrotum
• Testosterone
Thymus Gland
• The thymus gland, located
behind your sternum and
between your lungs, is only
active until puberty.
• After puberty, the thymus starts
to slowly shrink and become
replaced by fat.
• Thymosin promotes maturation
of T Lymphocytes
• Thymopoietin – influences the
production
Prefixes Challenge
1. Dia2. Eu3. Endo4. Ex5. Exo6. Hypo7. Pro8. Hydro9. Endo10. Hyper11. Para-
1. Through, between, complete
2. Good, normal
3. Within, inner,
4. Out, away from
5. Out, away from
6. Below, under, deficient
7. Before, in front of
8. Water
9. Within, inner
10. Above, under deficient
11. Beside, along side, abnormal
Combining Forms- page 447
aden/o
adren/o
crin/o
estr/o
gluc/o, glyc/o
galact/o
ger/o
gonad/o
hirsut/o
kal/I
myx/o
pancreat/o
somat/o
thyr/o, thyroid/o
parathyroid/o
calc/o
thym/o
trop/o
Goiter – Thyroid
• The term “goiter” simply refers
to the abnormal enlargement of
the thyroid gland.
• One cause is iodine deficiency
• The gland cannot make enough
thyroid hormone if it does not
have enough iodine, which can
lead to hypothyroid.
Adrenal Gland Disorders
• Addison disease
• Hyposecretion of
cortisol
• Cushing disease
• Hypersecretion of
cortisol
Cushing disease
Diabetes Mellitus
• With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn't make enough
insulin, it can't use the insulin it does produce, or a
combination of both.
• Dia – through
• -betes – to go
• Experience polyuria
• They will become increasingly thirsty, polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Lethargy
Name one disease
• Name one disease due to
• Hypersecretion
• Hypersecretion
Signs and Symptoms of Endocrine
Disorders
• Hypo
• Hyper
• Para
-Kalemia
-Thyroidism
-Gonadism
-Physis
-Thyroidism
-Insulinism
-Cortisone
Excisions
• Adrenalectomy
• Hypophysectomy
• Parathyroidectomy
• Thyroidectomy
Hypophysectomy