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5th Grade Ch. 1 Lesson 5: Animal Systems What are the skeletal and muscular systems? (S.S. and M.S.) S.S.: Made up of bones, tendons, and ligaments Bones have 2 functions: o Protection for some soft organs (rib cage protects heart and lungs) o Provide a solid framework for the body Bones are living tissues and are light and strong Bones give the body structure and allow movement Bones move freely but not on their own M.S.: provides power to produce bone movement Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough, rubbery tendons. Muscles shortening (or contracting) make bones move Muscles allowing movement work in pairs or opposing groups (one muscle pulls up and another pulls down) Electrical nerve signal is sent from the brain to the muscle making the muscle contract Contracted muscle pulls on the tendon moving the bone up. Muscles can only pull-NEVER PUSH! muscles contract and relax Muscle pulling up contracts causing the muscle pulling down to relax What are the digestive and excretory systems? (D.S. and E.S.) D.S.: long tube in which food is broken down into nutrients that an organism can use. Teeth grind food and saliva begins the chemical breakdown of it. Chewed up food travels through a muscular tube called the esophagus (smooth muscles of the esophagus contract and expand to squeeze food down to the stomach – like squeezing a tube of toothpaste) Stomach holds partially digested food which is then broken down by strong acids Contents are emptied into the coiled Small Intestine (S.I.) The Liver and Pancreas produce digestive juices that combine with food in the S.I. and break down sugars, proteins, and fats into nutrients which are then absorbed in the S.I. Tiny folds in the S.I. touch tiny blood vessels that deliver nutrients to the blood There is always some undigested food during digestion. Large Intestine (L.I.) reabsorbs H2O from undigested food Remaining solid waste is processed in L.I. and leaves through 2nd opening in D.S. E.S.: removes waste products from the body Excess H2O, salt, and other waste is removed through the skin as sweat Cells also create waste including CO2 and Nitrogen-containing wastes CO2 is removed by the lungs Nitrogen wastes are sent to the blood and travel through the Liver to the Kidneys Liver breaks down toxin in the blood Toxin: poisonous substance Kidneys filter wastes from the blood Nephrons: millions of tiny filters in the Kidneys that separate waste from useful materials in the blood Nephrons send any useful substance back into the blood and collect the wastes Kidneys make urine from excessH2O and waste from nephrons Urine flows from Kidney to the Bladder When the Bladder is full, the urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body What are the respiratory and circulatory systems? (R.S. and C.S.) Animal cells need 2 things to produce energy: o Oxygen o Food R.S. and C.S. work together to provide oxygen and food to cells R.S.: made up of lungs and the passageways that lead to them (fish use gills for gas exchange) C.S.: made up of heart and blood vessels Air enters the body through nose and mouth via inhalation and then travels through a series of tubes Tubes inside the lungs branch into smaller tubes called bronchi which have branches like a tree Branches empty into very thin-walled air sacs called alveoli which let gasses like O and CO2 pass through Circulation begins as Oxygen-poor blood and is pumped into the heart and lungs In the lungs, blood carrying CO2 picks up O from the air in the alveoli and releases CO2 at the same time CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration CO2 leaves the body during exhalation Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the heart which pumps blood around the body Blood picks up nutrients when it reaches the S.I. Nutrient and O-rich blood is delivered to the body’s cells Blood travels through blood vessels Blood reaches tiny vessels called capillaries Dissolved nutrients and O can pass through their thin walls and enter the cells Cells past waste materials back through the capillaries and into the blood O-poor blood is pumped back to the heart and the process continues What are the nervous and endocrine systems? (N.S. and En.S) Vertebrate N.S. includes the brain, nerve cord, nerves, and sense organs Works with En.S. which has hormone producing glands Hormones: Chemicals released into blood stream that change body activity When a rabbit sees a fox: o Light reflecting of the fox hits the rabbit’s eyes o Nerve-cells in the eyes send an electrical nerve message to the brain o Brain sends a message back which travels through nerves via the spinal cord o At the cord the nerves sends the message to the rabbit’s legs telling them to run Adrenaline: a hormone that increases the heart rate and sends extra blood to the muscles making them ready for anything.