Download Human Body Systems

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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 Go
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on integrated science 16-17
on the body systems pretest and
complete. (Does not count as a test grade)
Levels of Organization

Cells are specialized to form tissues in multi-cellular
organisms

4 Types of Tissues:
 Epithelial
= boundary, covers inner & outer surfaces
of body
 Nerve
= messaging system, nerve cells carry electrical
impulses
 Muscle
= movement, cells contract & relax, voluntary
or involuntary
 Connective
= holds body together, provides support,
protection, padding, strength, & insulation
Homeostasis
 The
ability of your body’s systems to
regulate and maintain internal conditions
 Ex:
 Body
temperature – with sweating or
shivering
 Blood
Sugar
 Posture
 Fighting
off disease
Skeletal
System
Chapter 1B – Section 1.2
Connective Tissue = BONE
 Anchor
for all body movement
 Provides
support
 Protects
organs inside body
 Made
of living tissue!!!!
 Spaces
inside that allow blood vessels to
carry nutrients to and from the bones
 Store
 Long
Calcium
bones, short bones, irregular bones,
flat bones
Components of a Bone
 Compact
Bone = hard dense layer outside of
bones that gives them strength
 Spongy
Bone = inside bones, strong but
lightweight, less dense network of Calcium,
makes up ends of long bones, contains the
marrow
 Marrow
= produces red blood cells, fills spaces in
spongy bone
 Blood
vessels = bring nutrients to bones & carry
waste away
Skeleton Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDGqkMHP
DqE
Axial Skeleton = forms the axis of your
body
Bones
Purpose
Skull (Cranium)
Protects brain
Vertebrae in Spinal Column
Many bones allows for flexibility
Ribs & Sternum
Protect soft internal organs like heart &
lungs
Appendicular Skeleton = forms the
appendages of your body
Allows
movement
Upper Body:
Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Radius &
Ulna, Carpals & Metacarpals
Lower Body:
Pelvis, Femur, Tibia & Fibula,
Patella, Tarsals & Metatarsals
Joint Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLxYDoN
634c
JOINTS = where 2 parts of skeletal
system meet
1. Immovable = interlock like
puzzle pieces, EX: bones of skull
2. Slightly Movable = flex slightly,
EX: connection between ribs &
sternum, vertebrae
3. Freely Movable = ligaments hold
bones together, EX: knee, hip,
shoulder, elbow
Slightly
Movable Joint
Types of Joint Movement:
 1.
Hinge Joint = angular movement
 EX:
elbow, knee, shoulder, hip
Types of Joint Movement:
 2.
Rotational Movement=
A.
pivot joint in elbow & neck
B.
ball & socket joints of hip & shoulder
Types of Joint Movement:

3. Gliding Movement= all joints glide to different
extents

EX: wrists & ankles, vertebrae (only glide a little)
Changes in Skeleton Over Time
 Infancy: skull has spaces between
bones at birth to allow for growth of
brain, bones fuse together over time
 Childhood: Bone growth at growth
plates made of cartilage
 Adolescence: Bones stop growing &
growth plates become hard
 Adulthood: Bone density may decrease
osteopenia osteoporosis
Game Time!!

Get Chromebooks

Go to www.AnatomyArcade.com

Click on Games

Click on Crosswords Link at bottom

Click on Major Bones Crossword Puzzle

Complete crossword (research bones on Internet & use
“Check” & “Hint” buttons if needed!)
Muscular
System
Chapter 1B – Section 1.3
3 Functions:
Movement
Maintaining
Body
Temperature
Maintaining Posture
Movement of Muscles:
Muscles
pull on bones to create
movement
Muscle fibers contract & relax
Muscles work in pairs – one
contracts to shorten and the other
relaxes to lengthen
Tendons attach muscles to bones
Maintaining Body Temperature:
Muscles
contract  release
of heat
SHIVERING = rapid muscle
contractions to release heat
and raise body temp
Maintaining Body Posture:
Muscles
always maintain a little bit of
tension (muscle tone) to hold your
posture up against gravity
Automatically make adjustments by
contracting and relaxing
Unconscious body muscles relax
completely

http://www.totalprosports.com/2015/09/13/dion-simsgoes-limp-after-diving-for-a-pass-video/
3 Types of Muscles:
Part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6u0u_59UDc
Part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I80Xx7pA9hQ
3 Types of Muscles!!

1. Skeletal Muscle:

Attached to skeleton by tendons crossing a joint

Voluntary Muscles – move on purpose

Made of long muscle fibers with bundles for slow-twitch &
fast-twitch fibers
Let’s find some tendons…
Feel your Bicep tendon!!
Feel your Patellar tendon!!
Feel your Achilles tendon!!
3 Types of Muscles!!

2. Smooth Muscle:

Inside organs (stomach, intestines)

Involuntary Muscles – work automatically

Contract slowly

Peristalsis = smooth muscles of your
digestive tract contracting to break down
food

SO….what do you think REVERSE
PERISTALSIS is then?!?!

Throwing Up! 
3 Types of Muscles!!
 3.
Cardiac Muscle:
 Involuntary
 Webs
Muscle
of layered tissue contract to make
heart beat
Let’s find your pulse to feel your heart
beat…this is your cardiac muscle at work!
Developing Muscles
Infancy:
neck muscles not
strong enough to support a
baby’s head, all muscles weak
Childhood & Adolescence:
muscles develop & strengthen
with activity, coordination
develops
How do you feel for the day or two after
intense exercise?
Sore Muscles?
 Cramped Muscles?
 Tight Muscles?


With Exercise…muscles build up lactic acid & muscle fibers are
overstretched and torn

The muscular system must get rid of the lactic acid, replace
injured cells with new ones, repair muscle fibers
What should you do before and after exercise to prevent injury
and soreness?
STRETCH!
HYDRATE!



Game Time!!
 Get
Chromebooks
 Go to www.AnatomyArcade.com
 Click on Games
 Click on “Poke A Muscle”
 Click on Level 1 – Anterior – the first
one that is UNLOCKED
 Preview the muscle names & locations,
then try to locate the given muscles as
quickly as possible!!
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Chapter 2B
Section 2.1
Warm-Up 1/11 & 1/12:
 Get
Respiratory System from back & put on
page 37 of your notebook
 Label
page 38 of your notebook for
tonight’s homework:
 Day
2 Vocab Pics & Text questions #1-3 from
Section 2.2B, pg. 50B
Function of Respiratory System
 To
take Oxygen in and remove Carbon
Dioxide and other wastes from the body
 Air gets into/out of lungs by mechanical
movements of inhalation/exhalation
 Red Blood Cells transport Oxygen to cells
 Oxygen used to make Energy in Cell
Respiration
The Air we Breathe
20%
Oxygen
<1% Carbon Dioxide
80% Nitrogen gas
More
CO2 must be exhaled than
Oxygen because it is damaging
to cells!
Cell Respiration – What do you remember?
Turn & Talk…
 Glucose
+ Oxygen 
ATP ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Interconnectedness of the Systems
 How
does the Respiratory System work
WITH the digestive system?
 How
does the Respiratory System work
WITH the circulatory system?
Respiratory System Components
Respiratory System Components
Structures of the Respiratory System
 Inhale
through nose and mouth
 Cilia & mucus in nose – filters dirt,
pollen, other particles
 Air moves down TRACHEA
 EPIGLOTTIS keeps air from entering
stomach & food/liquid from entering
lungs
 BRONCHIAL TUBES – carry air to lungs
Structures of the Respiratory System
 LUNGS
- made up of multiple lobes for
greater surface area for gas exchange
 ALVEOLI – tiny air sacs with a wall that is
ONE cell thick!
 Oxygen diffuses into blood from alveoli,
CO2 diffuses out of blood to alveoli
 Ribs/Thoracic Cavity – flexibility allows
lungs to expand and fill with air
 DIAPHRAGM – makes floor of thoracic
cavity, contracts and pulls down during
inhalation to make room for lung
expansion
The Diaphragm
Other Activities of the Respiratory System
 Speaking
 Singing
 Sighing
 Yawning
 Laughing
 Crying
 Sneezing
 Coughing
 Hiccups
Sound Creation
Larynx
or Voicebox – at top of
trachea, contains vocal chords
Air forced from lungs through
vocal chords, causing them to
vibrate
Sound waves are shaped into
specific sounds
Healthy vs. Diseased Alveoli:
Ck12 Video Clip

http://www.ck12.org/life-science/RespiratorySystem-Organs-in-Life-Science/lecture/TheRespiratory-System/?referrer=concept_details
Video Questions to Answer:
 Distinguish
between inspiration and
expiration. What muscle controls these
processes?
 Where is the trachea located and what is its
function?
 What is the relationship between the bronchi,
bronchial tubes, and bronchioles? What
function does this relationship serve?
 Why does air funnel into smaller and smaller
spaces within the lungs?
TED ED Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NUxvJS-_0k
Conclusion Questions:
 Name
four organs in the respiratory system.
 What
is the trachea? What does the trachea
lead into?
 Where
does gas exchange actually occur
between the blood and the respiratory
system?
 What
 What
organ is known as the voice box?
is the diaphragm? Why is the diaphragm
important?
Warm-Up 1/8 & 1/11 –
AnatomyArcade.com
 Click
on Respiratory System on Left Side
 Click on Respiratory System Crossword at
top & Complete!
 Place Digestive System Notes on pg. 39
of Notebook
 Label Page 40 of Notebook for Day 3
Vocab Sentences & Text 2.3B Questions
Crash Course Video – Review of
Respiratory System!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHZsvBdUC2I
Digestive System
Chapter 2B
Section 2.2
Essentials for the Body
 Food
& its Nutrients – to make energy, for
movement, growth, and maintaining
homeostasis
 Proteins
– for growth & repair, making enzymes
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
– provides energy
(Fats) – stores energy, carries nutrients
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Water!!
Digestion = moving & breaking down
food into usable materials
 Mechanical
= physically breaking food into smaller
pieces
 Teeth,
tongue, & lips mash & break apart food
 Peristalsis
 Chemical
 Saliva
in esophagus mashes and pounds food
= changing food into different substances
from salivary glands changes starch to sugar
 Stomach
acids break down food through chemical
reactions
Digestive Tract
 Mouth
Esophagus Stomach  Small
Intestine Large Intestine  Rectum
 Pancreas, Liver, & Gall Bladder release
chemicals to break down nutrients
 VILLI absorb the nutrients into the
bloodstream
 Large Intestine absorbs water &
minerals, remaining solid waste is
eliminated through the rectum
Digestive System Components:
Liver
Largest
organ
Filters blood, removes toxins
Stores nutrients for later use
Produces BILE – for breaking down fats
& absorbing vitamins
Breaks down medicines
Produces proteins for blood clotting
Liver Damage:
Gallbladder
Connected
to liver by BILE
DUCT
Stores BILE from liver &
secretes it to small intestine
Problems:
Gall Stones
Pancreas
Produces
chemicals essential for
digesting and absorbing materials
from small intestine
Lowers acidity in small intestine
Regulates blood sugar with insulin
Problems: Pancreatitis, Cancer,
Diabetes – Type I & II
Digestion Animation
http://kitses.com/animation/digestion.html
Warm Up 1/12 & 1/13:
Get Chromebooks!
 Anatomy Arcade - Digestive System
Crossword
 Digestion Animation http://kitses.com/animation/digestion.ht
ml
 Urinary System Notes(in back) – put on
page 41
 Textbook Homework – do on pages 42 & 43
Video Clips:

Kids Health Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnzwbipJuAA

Crash Course Video – Part 1:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIoTRGfcMqM

Crash Course Video- Part 3:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGme7BRkpuQ
Urinary System
Chapter 2B
Section 2.3
Urinary System Components:
Urinary System = Disposes of liquid
waste products removed from the blood
2
KIDNEYS = filter chemical wastes from
blood (adrenal glands sit on top of them)
 2 URETERS = tubes that carry waste from
the kidneys to the bladder
 BLADDER = storage sac for liquid wastes
with smooth/voluntary muscle walls
 URETHRA = carries liquid waste (URINE)
outside of body when bladder contracts &
sphincter opens
Kidney (Renal) Function –
THE NEPHRON
 Blood
is filtered in the glomerulus
 Liquid
travels through looping tubes of
nephron and nutrients are absorbed back
into the blood
 Waste
products travel into the collecting
duct and urine passes out into ureters
 Kidneys
regulate amount of water in the
body to maintain homeostasis
Kids Health Video Clip

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_7Q1xQ-NWU
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Chapter 3B
Section 3.1
Warm Up
Pg.
44 – Circulatory System
Notes
Pg. 45 – Set #9 Vocab
Definitions
Pg. 46 – Text 3.2B
Study for vocab quiz #8!
Get Notebook ready!!
Circulatory System:
Transports
materials from the
digestive and respiratory systems
to the cells
Blood carries Oxygen and
materials to cells, and Carbon
Dioxide and wastes from cells
Heart & Blood Vessels allow
blood to flow to all parts of the
body
3-D Heart Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHMmtqKgs50
HEART BASICS:
 2-sided
pump organ (right & left) that
pushes blood throughout the circulatory
system
2
Types of Chambers:
 Atriums
= receive
 Ventricle
 Right
 Left
= pump out
Side of Heart = from BODY to LUNGS
Side of Heart = from LUNGS to BODY
4 Chambers of the Heart:
 Right
Atrium = receives oxygen-poor blood
from body
 Right
Ventricle = pumps oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs to exchange gases at the
alveoli
 Left
Atrium = receives oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs
 Left
Ventricle = pumps oxygen-rich blood
to all parts of the body
Warm-Up 1/19 & 1/20:
Pg.
47 of Notebook – Set #8
Vocab Quiz
Pg. 48 of Notebook – Day 2,
Set #9 Vocab Pics & Text 4.1
Questions
BLOOD Components
 1.
Plasma = 60%, fluid containing
proteins, glucose, hormones, gases,
dissolved substances
 2.
Red Blood Cells = pick up Oxygen in
the lungs and deliver it to other cells
 3.
White Blood Cells = fight infection
by attacking disease-causing organisms
 4.
Platelets = large cell fragments that
help form blood clots if a vessel is
injured
Blood Vessels:

Arteries:
 Take
Oxygen-RICH blood away from heart to all parts of
body
 Strong,

thick, elastic walls
Veins:
 Take
Oxygen-POOR blood from body back to the heart
 Thinner

walls, but of greater diameter
Capillaries:
 Connect
 Gases,
arteries and veins
nutrients, wastes diffuse through the walls of
the capillaries to go between blood & tissues
Pulmonary System – Exception!!
Pulmonary
Arteries (2)
Bring Oxygen-POOR blood
from heart back to lungs
Pulmonary Veins (2)  Bring
Oxygen – RICH blood from
lungs to heart
Blood Pressure
The
force on the blood vessels
from the heart contracting and
pushing blood through
Too Low pass out, Oxygen and
materials don’t get where needed
Too High  weakens vessels, heart
works too hard
Blood Types

2 Blood Proteins : A & B

4 Blood Types:
 Type
A – has A Protein
 Type
B – has B Protein
 Type
AB – has both
 Type
O – has neither

Type O = Universal Donor

Type AB = Universal Recipient
Interactive Site –
Heart Smarts & Guy’s Medical Exam
http://depts.washington.edu/simplant
/heartsmarts.htm
http://depts.washington.edu/simplant
/exam.htm
Warm-Up 1/21 & 1/27:
Pick
up notes sheet & put on Page 49
Put tonight’s homework on pg. 50 of
notebook (Day 3 & Text 4.2)
Immune System
Chapter 3B
Section 3.2
Pesky PATHOGENS!!
 Pathogen
= a disease-causing agent, a germ
1st Lines of Defense against Pathogens:

1. Integumentary System (SKIN)
 Tears
 Skin
protect eyes
acts as barrier
 Pathogens

2. Respiratory System
 Sneezing
 Cilia

often enter through cuts
& Coughing
& Mucus trap particles
3. Digestive System
 Mucus
 Saliva,
coats organs
enzymes, & stomach acids kill pathogens
Immune System Functions
 White
Blood Cells are produced to destroy
foreign organisms
 Locations of White Blood Cell production:
 Bone Marrow
 Spleen
 Thymus Gland
 Lymph Nodes
 Circulatory system carries WBCs through blood
 Lymphatic system carries WBCs through lymph
fluid
Immune System
Lymphatic System
Vessels
similar to veins, but with
no pump
Lymph fluid drifts when you move
Fluid passes through lymph nodes
where pathogens get filtered out
Lymph nodes swell when you’re
sick
1st Response - Nonspecific
Inflammation
= swelling, redness, and
heat
Release of HISTAMINE raises
temperature & causes swelling,
increases blood flow, antibodies &
WBCs arrive quickly & work powerfully
Whole body histamine response 
FEVER
2nd Response - Specific
Triggered
by ANTIGENS
ANTIGENS = chemical markers
that indicates whether a cell
is from your body or is foreign
Provides protection from
future exposure to same
material
IMMUNITY = resistance to a sickness
 Passive
Immunity: antibodies are NOT
produced by the person’s own body,
given to the body from another source
 Active Immunity: the body makes its
own antibodies
 Once you have developed antibodies
against a certain pathogen, they will
always be in your system and you have
IMMUNITY!!
Types of Pathogens
1.
Virus – vaccines to prevent
2. Bacteria – antibiotics to kill off
3. Fungus
4. Parasite
VACCINES for PREVENTION of Viral
Infections
Dead
or weakened
pathogens are given to
stimulate immune response
You do not get sick, but you
build an active immunity
Crash Course Videos – Parts 1, 2, & 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIJK3dwCWCw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DFN4IBZ3rI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd2cf5hValM
Endocrine
System
Chapter 4B
Section 4.2
Warm-Up 1/28 & 1/29:
Endocrine
Notes(at
back) – pg. 51
End of Chapter Text
Questions HW – pg. 52
Endocrine System
 Regulates
body conditions
 Is controlled by feedback mechanisms
 Makes & releases chemicals to be
transported throughout the body
(hormones)
 Controlled by the autonomic nervous
system (without conscious control)
Hormones
 Chemicals
made in one organ or gland
that travel through the blood to a
target group of cells
 Chemical Messengers
 Hormone binds to receptors at target
cells triggering the response of the
cells
Glands =
Specialized cells that produce
& release hormones
Kids Health Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXPCQBD_WGI
Glands:

Hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland,
connection between nervous & endocrine systems

Pituitary Gland: “director” of other glands, base
of brain, hormones to control growth, sexual
development, & reabsorption of water by kidneys

Pineal Gland: sensitive to light, controls rhythms
of sleep, body temp, reproduction, aging

Thyroid Gland: for growth, metabolism, &
regulation of calcium

Thymus: controls production of WBCs (T cells),
increases in size until puberty & then decreases
Glands
 Adrenal
Glands: top of kidneys, regulate
nutrient & mineral levels, fight allergies,
produce adrenaline
 Pancreas:
regulate blood glucose levels
with insulin (lowers) & glucagon (raises)
 Ovaries
& Testes: control sexual
development
 Kidneys:
 Heart:
production of RBCs
regulate blood pressure, tell kidneys
to remove more salt from blood
Negative Feedback
High
levels of a hormone
feeds to back to then inhibit
further production of the
hormone, causing a decrease
in levels
Maintains homeostasis
Positive Feedback
Produces
a response that continues
to increase
Results in extreme responses that
are necessary in extreme
conditions
Ex: Blood clotting, fever, immune
response, puberty, childbirth
Nervous System
Chapter 4B
Section 4.1
Warm Up 2/1 & 2/2:

Get Nervous System Notes Sheets (2) from back –
put on page 53 of notebook

Get Body Systems Study Guide (pink) from back –
put on page 54 of notebook

End of Chapter Text Questions will be checked
next class during the review!!

Look over words for your Vocab Quiz #9 – will be
given at 2:55

Watch Intro to Nervous System Video after quiz
Intro to Nervous System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjyI4CmBOA0
Stimulus
= change in your
environment that you
react to
Your senses pick up the
stimulus – smell, taste,
sound, sight, feel

SIGHT
 1.
Light enters the cornea & the rays
are bent
 2. Pupil determines the amount of
light that passes through – contracts
to let less light in, relaxes to allow
more light in
 3. Lens focuses the rays
 4. Upside-down image is formed on
the retina at the back of the eye
 5. Optic Nerve carries info to brain
to process
Hearing
1.
Sound waves cause eardrum to
vibrate
2. Vibrations sent through bones
called the hammer, anvil, &
stirrup to the inner ear
3. Cochlea of inner ear sends
message to the brain
Touch
Nerves
in the dermis
sense texture, pressure,
& temperature
Alerts brain to danger &
protects us
Smell
Scent
receptors in back of
nose sense chemicals in the
air
Have hair-like fibers covered
in mucus that receive the
chemicals & send impulses to
brain
Taste
 Tongue,
palate, & throat covered with
taste buds (100 sensory cells)
 4 Tastes:
 Sweet
 Salty
 Bitter
 Sour
Crash Course Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E
Central Nervous System

1.Brain:

Contains 100 billion nerve cells called NEURONS

Controls voluntary & involuntary behavior

Different areas of the brain control different
functions

Protected by the skull

2.Spinal Cord:

Protected by the vertebral column

31 pairs of nerves send impulses into spinal cord
to go to brain, & out of spinal cord to go to
muscles & glands
Structure of a Neuron
Peripheral Nervous System
 Nerves
found throughout the body
 Sensory Nerves/Neuron: receive info
from the environment & send it to
the CNS
 Interneuron: the communication
between sensory and motor neurons
(mainly in CNS)
 Motor Nerves/Neuron: send signals
from CNS to muscles & glands to
respond to stimuli
Autonomic (Involuntary)
Nervous System
 Responds
without conscious thought
 Conserves & stores energy
 Responds quickly to changes
 “Fight or flight” response
 Ex: balance, heartbeat, respiration,
smooth muscles of vessels & digestive
tract, glands
Somatic (Voluntary)
Nervous System
Controlled consciously
Controls skeletal
muscles, speech &
senses