Download Contents CONCEPT Introduction to Structure of Atom Dalton`s

Chemistry
SYLLABUS: Class-XI & XII
Unit -1 Atomic Structure
Contents
Introduction to Structure of Atom
CONCEPT
Dalton’s atomic theory
Thomson model
Rutherford model
Bohr model
Dual behavior of Matter
Concept of orbitals
Heisenberg’s
Quantum Mechanical Model
uncertainty principle
Quantum numbers
Shape of s, p and d orbitals
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
Node and nodal surface
Shielding effect
Aufbau principle
Rules for Filling Electrons in Orbitals Pauli’s exclusion principle
Hund’s rule Electronic configuration of atoms
Stability of Completely Filled and
half-filled Orbitals
Unit-2 Chemical Bonding
Types of Chemical
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Bonds
Polar covalent bond
Hybridization
Valence Bond Theory
VSEPR theory
Resonance
Magnetic characteristics
Molecular Orbital Theory
Bond order
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen Bond
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
Unit-3 States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Types of intermolecular forces
Intermolecular Forces
Nature of intermolecular forces
Boyle’s law
Charles law
Laws Governing Gaseous State
Gay-lussac
Avogadro law
Ideal gas equation
Ideal Behaviour
Dalton’s law of partial pressure
Kinetic theory of gases pressure
Compressibility factor
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
Boyle’s Temperature
Liquefaction of Gases
Critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume
Vapour pressure
Liquid State
Viscosity
Surface tension
Unit-4 Thermodynamics
Concepts of :
system, surrounding
types of system
Thermodynamic Terms
state of a system
state function and path function
extensive and intensive properties
reversible and irreversible process
Work
Thermodynamic Quantities
Heat
Internal Energy
Enthalpy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat capacity
Measurement of
U
Measurement of
H
Enthalpy change in a chemical reaction
Endothermic and
Exothermic reactions
Standard enthalpy of reactions
Thermochemistry
Enthalpy changes during phase transformations
Standard enthalpy of formation
Thermochemical equations
Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
Enthalpies for different types of reactions
Entropy
Second law of Thermodynamics
Spontaneity
Gibb's energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes
Criteria for equilibrium
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Atomic models
Unit-5 Chemical Equilibrium
Introduction to Equilibrium
Equilibrium in Physical Processes
Equilibrium in Chemical Processes
Types of Chemical Equilibria
Applications of Equilibrium Constant
Factors Affecting Equilibria
Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
Ionization of Acids and Bases
Buffer Solutions
Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly
Soluble Salts
Introduction to Solid State
Chemistry
Classification of Solids on the Basis
of Order in the Arrangement
Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
Close Packing in solids
Imperfections in Solids
Electrical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Introduction to solutions
Types of Solutions
Expressing the Concentration of
Solutions of Solids in Liquids
Solubility
Vapou r Pressure of Liquid Solutions
Classification of Liquid-Liquid
Solutions on the basis of Raoult’s
Law
Colligative Properties
Abnormal Molecular Mass
Dynamic nature of equilibrium
Solid - liquid equilibrium
Liquid - vapour equilibrium
Solid vapour equilibrium
Equilibrium involving dissolution of solid and gases in liquids
Dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium
law of chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium constant
Homogenous Equilibria
Heterogeneous Equilibria
Predicting the extent of a reaction
Predicting the direction of the reaction
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Le Chatelier’s principle
Strong and weak electrolytes
Acids, bases and salts
Ionic product of Water
pH scale
Ionization constant of weak acids and bases
Factors affecting acid strength
Common ion effect
Buffer action and relevant examples
Solubility product
Common ion effect of solubility of ionic salts
Unit -6 Solid State
Characteristics of Solid State
Crystalline and amorphous Solids
Primitive and Centred Unit Cells
Number of atoms in per unit Cell in a cubic unit cell
Packing in Solids
Voids
Packing Efficiency
Calculation of Density of unit cell
Types of Point Defects
Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Defects
Metal Excess Defect
Metal Deficiency Defect
Impurity Defects
Conductors, semiconductors and insulators
Band theory of solids
n & p type semiconductors
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Ferrimagnetic
Unit-7 Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution
Gaseous Solutions
Liquid Solutions
Solid solutions
Various quantities used to express concentration of a solution
Mole Fraction
Molarity
Molality
Solubility of solid in liquid
Solubility of gas in liquid
Henry’s Law
Solution of two volatile liquids
Solution containing non-volatile solute
Raoult’s Law
Ideal solutions
Non Ideal solutions
Positive deviation
Negative deviation
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Elevation of boiling point
Depression of freezing point
Osmotic pressure
Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
van’t Hoff Factor – Numericals based on the above
Unit-8 Redox reactions and Electrochemistry
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Mechanism of redox reactions by electron transfer process
Transfer Reactions
Evolution of the electrochemical series.
Oxidation Number
Calculation of oxidation number
Types of Redox Reactions
Oxidation number method
Balancing of Redox Reactions
Half reaction
Method
Types of Electrochemical Cells
Electrolytic cells
Galvanic cells
Electrode
Electrolysis
Sign conventions at anode and cathode
Laws of electrolysis
Metallic and electrolytic conductance
Types of electrolytes
Conductance
Conductance in Electrolytic Solutions Resistance
Molar conductivity
Variation of conductivity with concentration
Kohlrausch’s law
EMF of a cell
Standard electrode potential
Galvanic Cells
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell
Corrosion
Concept and mechanism of corrosion in relation to emf
S-Block Elements Group 1 Elements
& Group 2 Elements
P-Block Elements Group 13, 14, 15,
16, 17 and 18 Elements
d-Block elements
F-Block Elements
Coordination Compounds
Unit-9 s- Block & p-Block Elements and metallurgy
Electronic configuration
Physical Properties
Chemical properties
Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
Diagonal relationship
Biological importance
Water and hydrogen peroxide
Some Alkali metal compounds
Some Alkaline earth metal compounds
Electronic configuration
Occurrence Inert pair effect Reactivity
Some compounds of Group 13 to 18 elements
Unit-10 d and f - Block Elements and Coordination Compounds
General properties of 3d elements.
Electronic configuration
Variable valency concept Color
Magnetic properties
Catalytic properties
Compounds
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Lanthanide contraction
General composition
Coordination number
Types of ligands
Werner theory
IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination
IUPAC rules
Compounds
Valence Bond Theory as Applied to
Valence bond theory
Coordination Compounds
Crystal field theory
Analytical applications
Importance of Coordination
Industrial applications
Compounds
Biological applications
Unit-11 Surface Chemistry
Physisorption
Adsorption on a Surface
Chemisorption
Factors affecting the adsorption of gases on solids
Homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis
Catalysis
Shape selective catalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Distinction between true solution, colloid and suspension
Classification of colloids
Colloids
Properties of colloids: Mechanical, Optical, Electrical
Hardy-Schulze rule
application of colloids
Unit-12 Chemical Kinetics
Average rate of reaction
Rate of Chemical Reaction
Instantaneous rate of reaction
Concentration of reactants, temperature, catalyst, nature of reactants, pressure (gases), presence of light,
surface area of the reactants
Factors Affecting Rate of a Reaction
Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant
Order And Molecularity
Zero order reactions
Integrated Rate Equations and Half
First order reactions
life
Pseudo First order reaction
Activation
Temperature Dependence of Rate of
Energy
Reaction
Arrhenius Equation
Collision Theory
Unit-13 Hydrocarbons, Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Types of hybridization in carbon compounds
Types of Hybridization of Carbon
Shapes of organic molecules
2D and 3D structural representation of organic compounds
based on functional groups
Classification of Organic Compounds
based on structure
Priority order of functional groups
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic
Prefixes and suffixes for functional groups
Compounds
Derivation of structural formula from a given IUPAC name and vice-versa
Structural isomerism
Stereochemistry and stereoisomerism
Projection formulae
Interconversion of projection formulas
Stereochemistry and Isomerism
Conformations and their relative stabilities (ethane and butane)
Geometrical isomerism (cis and trans )
Optical isomerism
Absolute and relative nomenclature of optical isomers
carbocation
Homolytic and Heterolytic Fission of
carbanion
a Covalent Bond
free radical
Electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents
Basics of Organic Reaction
Types of organic reactions
inductive effect
Electronic Displacements in a
electromeric effect
Covalent Bond
resonance
hyperconjugation
Stability of aromatic compounds
Aromaticity
Huckel’s rule
Methods of preparation (Reduction, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe's electrolysis)
Physical properties
Alkanes (Upto 5 Carbon Atoms)
Chemical reactions (Halogenation, Isomerisation, Oxidation, Aromatization, Combustion, Pyrolysis)
Methods of preparation (Partial reduction, dehydrohalogenati
on, dehydration, dehalogenation)
Alkenes (Upto 5 Carbon Atoms)
Alkynes (Upto 5 Carbon Atoms)
Arenes
Haloalkanes and haloarenes
Physical properties
Chemical reactions (Addition of H2, X2, Markovnikov’s and anti-Markovnikov’s rule)
Addition of HX, and H2O, ozonolysis, oxidation and polymerization
Methods of preparation (Hydrolysis of calcium carbide, dehydrohalo- genation)
Physical properties
Chemical reactions (Addition of H2, X2, HX, and H2O and polymerization)
Nomenclature, resonance and stability of benzene, orientation effect of substituents in benzene,
preparation physical and chemical properties of benzene
Structure
Classification
Structure of 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ haloalkanes and haloarenes
Nomenclature
Isomerism
Preparation and properties
Structure
Preparation of Alcohols and Phenols
Properties of Alcohols, Phenols and
Ethers
Preparation of Ethers & chemical
Properties
Unit-14 Oxygen containing Organic compounds
Structure of alcohols, phenols and ethers
Classification
Preparation of alcohols (hydration of alkenes, hydroboration- oxidation, reduction of carbonyl compounds,
from Grignard's reagent)
Preparation of Phenols (from chlorobenzene, benzene and cumene)
Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Chemical Properties of Alcohols (with metals, esterification, esterification, with HX, dehydration)
Chemical Properties of Phenols (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation,
deoxygenation and oxidation)
Preparation from alcohols
Williamsons ether synthesis
Ether cleavage by HX
halogenation, nitration and Friedel crafts reaction
Kolbes Reimer - Tiemann,
Structure of Aldehydes, Ketones and
Carboxylic Acids
Preparation of Aldehydes and
Ketones
Physical, Chemical Properties and
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic acids
Structure
Preparation of Amines
Physical and Chemical Properties of
Amines
Diazonium Salts
Biomolecules
Polymers
Chemicals in Medicines, Food and
Hygiene (Soaps and Detergents)
Environmental
Pollution
Water Pollution
Industrial Pollution
From alcohols
From alkenes
From alkynes
From aromatic hydrocarbons
Gattermann-Koch
From acid chlorides
From nitriles
Physical Properties of aldehydes and ketones
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones (nucleophilic addition reactions, nucleophilic additionelimination reactions, reduction, oxidation, Aldol condensation, Cannizzarro reaction, electrophiclic
substitution in aromatic aldehydes)
Structure of carboxylic acid
Preparation of carboxylic acids (by oxidation, hydrolysis, from Grignard reagents)
Physical properties of carboxylic acids
Chemical properties of carboxylic acids
Unit-15 Nitrogen containing Organic compounds
By reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles and amides
Ammonolysis of alkyl halides
Physical Properties of Amines
Chemical Properties of Amines
Nomenclature
Structure
Methods of
Preparation
Physical properties
Chemical Properties
Structure and importance of azodyes and examples
Unit-16 Bio-Molecules and Polymers
Carbohydrates
Amino acids and proteins
Nucleic acids
Vitamins
Classification
Methods of polymerization
Preparation of Some polymers
Unit-17 Chemistry in everyday life
antacids, antihistamines, tranquilizers, analgesics, antimicrobials (antibiotics, antiseptics and
disinfectants), antifertility drugs and chemotherapy
food additives, artificial sweetening agents, preservatives and antioxidants
saponification, Soaps & cleansing property
detergents and bio-degradable detergents
Unit-18 Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution
Conservation of natural resources
Types of water pollutants
Treatment of water pollution
BOD
Industrial and agricultural
chemicals that
cause environmental degradation
Industrial waste management
Green Chemistry