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Basic cellular chemistry What is to be hoped is a review of basic chemical principles Atomic structure Atoms: Electrons, protons, neutrons, isotopes, ions Chemical bonds Ionic, covalent Ionic bonds : electrons exchanged Covalent bonds : electrons shared Reactions & Equilibrium Chemical equilibrium Mass cannot be created nor destroyed and therefore when chemical reactions are written they have to be balanced in both kind and number of molecules : 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 Equilibrium : starting materials (reactants) and ending materials (products) go back and forth and are in equilibrium. Equilibrium may favor the reactants or the products Water H and O covalently bound creates a polar molecule : partially positive and negative on opposites sides These partial charges cause the molecules to “stick” to each other Acid / base chemistry Water can also dissociate into ions : H+ and OHAcids : chemicals contributing H+ Bases : chemicals contributing OHAcids and bases mixed together produce salts Acid / bases measured with pH scale pH 0 – 14 : 7= neutral Redox reactions In some chemical reactions, electrons may be exchanged between reactants : oxidation/reduction reactions (redox) Oxidation : the loss of elections Reduction : the gain of electrons The two reactions are always coupled together Simple organic chemistry Chemistry of carbon compounds Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are organic Compounds containing only carbon and/or oxygen are inorganic Recurring groups of atoms have the same properties Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, sulfhydryl General Biochemistry Four principle types of compounds found in living cells : macromolecules Definitions, functions, examples Carbohydrates Simple sugars , polysaccharides Proteins Strings of amino acids Protein structure : Primary : aa sequence Secondary : chain folding : alpha helix, beta sheet Tertiary : complex 3-D structure Quaternary : subunit orientation Lipids Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Cyclic fatty acids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides : bases, sugars and phosphates Energy exchange : ATP Electron exchange : NAD , FAD Nucleic acids : polymers of nucleotides DNA RNA