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Regional Responses to Air Quality
and Climate Change:
The Northeast Association of State Transportation
Officials (NASTO) Perspective
Presented to the 5th Mid-Atlantic Regional
Planning Roundtable
Friday, November 7, 2008
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Michael Baker
Chairman, NASTO Air Quality Committee
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
[email protected]
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Presentation Outline
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NASTO
Regional Issues
NASTO State Examples
Summary
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Who / What is NASTO???
Members:
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NASTO Air Quality Committee
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Ontario
Pennsylvania
Quebec
Rhode Island
Vermont
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NASTO Mission
• Advancement of transportation policies and practices
beneficial to the Northeast Region of the U.S. and the
Eastern Provinces of Canada.
• Focal point for discussion and research on transportation
issues of interest to members.
• Strong emphasis on promoting cooperation and
partnership.
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Selected
NASTO Member Examples
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Delaware
• Situation
– Tidal coastline of 381 miles: 357 miles on the
Delaware Bay.
– Since 1900
• Sea level rose 12 inches in the 1900s, Forecast another 23 inches
by 2100.
• Avg. temperature up 1.9º F Precipitation up 10%
• Impacts
– Flooding: Emergency Evacuation Routes, local roads
– Travel disruptions
– Higher levels of ground level ozone and other
photochemical pollutants
– Increase in roadway incidents due to storms.
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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DE Climate Action Plan
• Initiated 1998 via Climate Change
Consortium.
• DE Energy Office w/ US EPA, Univ. of DE.
• Base year and future year forecasts.
– Unchecked, DE CO2 emissions would
increase 22% from 1988 to 2010 (to 20 MMT).
• Adopted a GHG reduction target.
– 7% below the 1990 base year by 2010 (23%
reduction by 2010)
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Effects of Sea Level Rise
on Land Area
By 2100 if GHG unchecked:
• Loss of red and orange
areas.
– Impact land use, coastal
roadway network.
• Increased salinity in
Delaware Bay – salt
water intrusion
– Paved surfaces – roadway
failures.
– Agricultural losses.
– Water supply issues.
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Effects of Sea Level Rise
on Land Area (cont’d)
• Three main evacuation
routes partially or
completely submerged by
100 year flood events.
– Improve infrastructure.
– Add/modify evacuation
routes & plans.
• Increased frequency and
duration of storms
– Increased likelihood of
coastal flooding events.
– More accidents/incidents.
– Retrofit drainage system.
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DelDOT Plans
• Inventory flood-prone bridges &roadways.
– Develop action plan for necessary improvements.
• Infrastructure Sensors
– Monitor physical condition & shifts in climate.
• Rethink Transportation Design Standards
– Increase drainage capacity for projects.
– Develop heat resistant materials / standards for
bridges and roadways.
• Land Use / Transportation
– Avoid vulnerable locations.
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District of Columbia
Through Metro Washington Council of Gov’ts.
Regional Climate Change Steering Cmte (April 2007)
• Regional GHG Inventory
• ID Best Practices & Policies
• Examine Impacts
• Recommend GHG Reduction Goals
• Recommend Governance Structures for CC
• Propose Advocacy Positions
• Public Comment in Process for Draft Report (July
2008)
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District of Columbia
• MWCOG Draft Report Recommendations
– GHG Reduction Goals
• 10% below BAU by 2010
• 20% below 2005 by 2020
• 80% below 2005 by 2050
– Transportation Measures Recommended
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Reduce VMT
Alternative fuels
Fuel Efficiency
Finance
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Smart Growth
Tree Canopy
Comprehensive Planning
Outreach
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District of Columbia
• Petition to join Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI)
• Clean Cars Act of 2008 (dep. on EPA waiver to CA)
• Green Building Act of 2006
– LEED Silver for city projects > 10,000 SF
– ’09 - ‘11: Green Building Checklist for private
commercial projects > 50,000 SF
– ‘12:
LEED Silver standard for private
commercial projects > 50,000 SF
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District of Columbia
• Green Jobs Program
– Leverage “green” job training, job placement
& contract opportunities
• Clean & Affordable Energy Act of 2008
– Sustainable / Renewable Energy Sources 20% by 2020
– Energy Efficiency & Retrofits
– “Green Collar” Workforce Development
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D.C. Ongoing Efforts
• D.C. Green Agenda
– Joined Climate Registry (June 2006)
– Joined Mayor’s Climate Protection
Agreement, US Conference of Mayors (Jan
2007)
– GHG inventory – 2005 base year
• Establishing baseline for reductions with ICLEI
– Energy Audits of all facilities in progress
– Green Roofs
– Tree Planting Program
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Maryland
• MD Climate Change Commission
(convened 2008)
• Long term effort w/ annual reports.
• Recommend goals, actions,
timetable actions to Governor,
Legislature
• Major MD concerns:
– Rise of coastal waters
– Loss of aquatic life (impacts to
oysters, rockfish and the bay
ecosystem)
– Potential for extreme weather
conditions
– Subtropical Chesapeake Bay
– More ……..
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Maryland
• 4,360 miles of tidal shoreline.
• Avg. temperature in College Park
increased 2.4° since 1900.
• Chesapeake Bay Sea level up
1 foot in 100 yrs.
• 13 islands already lost.
• Sea level projected to rise additional
2 – 3 feet by 2100.
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Current MDOT Measures with GHG
Reductions
• MD Clean Car (dep. on EPA waiver to CA)
• On-Going VMT Reduction Strategies:
-- Park and Ride
-- Transit Expansion
-- Telecommuting
-- GRH
-- Ridesharing
-- Bike/Ped Projects
• On-Going Emission Reduction
Strategies (Non-VMT Based):
-- Idling reductions
-- Bio-diesel
-- ITS
-- Tree Planting
-- Clean Diesel Locomotives -- Hybrid Buses
-- Truck Stop Electrification
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Transportation / Land Use
Policy Options
• VMT Reduction Measures
– Land Use and Location Efficiency (Including VMT
Reduction Goals)
– Transit
– Intercity Travel: Aviation, Rail, Bus
– Pay-as-you-drive Insurance
– Bike / Ped Infrastructure
– Pricing Measures (Including Carbon Fuel Tax)
– Evaluate GHG Impacts of Projects
• Reduce Carbon per Unit of Fuel
– Low GHG Fuel Standard (not recommended for
immediate implementation)
• Reduce Carbon per Mile and/or per Hour
– Vehicle Technologies
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Preliminary Total Reduction Goals
• Consideration expected
in 2008 Legislative
Session
– Goals
– Measures
– Timeframes
• Commission Annual
Report each November.
(below 2006 emissions)
2012
10%
2015
15%
2020
25% - 50%
2050
90%
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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New Jersey
Global Warming Response Act
Signed by Governor Jon S. Corzine on July 6, 2007.
Targets:
• 1990 levels by 2020.
• 80% below 2006 levels by 2050.
NJDEP lead on GHG Plan
• NJDOT and Other departments collaborating.
• Plan under development.
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
Vehicle Efficiency
• LEV Vehicle Program (dep. on EPA waiver to CA)
• Incentives for Purchase/Use of Highly
Efficient Vehicles.
• “Green” the State-Owned Fleet.
• Diesel Idling Infrastructure Alternatives.
• Encourage Efficient Trucks.
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
Carbon Intensity of Fuels
• Low Carbon Fuel Standard.
• Promote Residential Equipment to
Facilitate and Support the Non-Liquid
Transport Fuels.
– CNG
– Electric
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
VMT Reduction Targets
• VMT Target: Annual VMT Growth < 1 %
• “Green VMT” Target:
– 50 percent of the overall NJ VMT by “green
vehicles*” by 2020.
– Green Vehicles: CA GHG score 9 or better
(≤ 239 grams/mile CO2 e)
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NJ Potential Transport Strategies
Additional Transportation Strategies
• Maintain Existing Transit, Expand Capacity.
• Traffic Management
• “Green Corridors” Pilot Study
• Strengthen, expand Commuter Option Programs
• Invest in freight rail infrastructure
– Implement “Rail Shuttle” Projects
Shift some freight movements from trucks to rail.
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New Jersey
Challenges and Issues
• VMT
– How meet proposed goal ?
• Metrics
– Develop effective method to measure “Carbon
Footprint” of transportation activities ?
• Decision Making
– Weigh GHG vs. other issues (system preservation,
safety, congestion relief, etc.) in project selection ?
• Financing
– How incorporate green incentives and long-term
stability ?
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New York State
• General Approach
– Think Globally, Act Locally
– Consider Vehicle Technology, Fuels, VMT
– States have greatest opportunity to affect
GHG via VMT / Demand Issues
– Support Vehicle Technology & Fuel
Improvements
– Cumulative Effect of Small Actions.
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New York State
 Already doing many
of these
 Should do more
 Quantify
improvements
 Institutionalize
energy/climate
change awareness
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Mass transit
Emissions reporting
Traffic signals
Freight management
Managed lanes
Smart growth/land use
Idle reduction
Commuter Choice
Air quality education
Alternative fuels
Research
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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New York State
 NY only state to Report Energy and GHG
emissions for adoption of TIPs and Long
Range Plans
 Results to Date:
 ~ 11% improvement v. business- as-usual.
 Examines GHG and Energy in Project
Alternative Selection
 Modeling Improvements Needed.
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New York State
Actions
 Commuter Choice
 Downstate $30 million / 3 years.
 AQ Education & Outreach
 $6 million / 4 years
 3.13% VMT reduction on AQ Action Days
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New York State
NYSDOT Climate Change/Energy Efficiency Team
Goals:
 Reduce energy costs for public
 Promote energy efficient programs & projects
 Reduce NYSDOT’s carbon footprint
5 Workgroups ~ 70 people
1. Transp. Partners
2. NYSDOT Vehicles
3. Fuel
4. Adaptation
5. Outreach
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New York State
 Workgroup Recommendations (June ’08)
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Compressed work week: NYSDOT employees
NYS version of Gulf Coast Study
TIP direction to include GHG, CC, energy
Involvement with RGGI
Collaboration with other agencies:
 NYSDEC, NYSERDA, FHWA, more
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New York State
 GHG goal: 10% reduction in 10 years
 Integration with:
 Governors Renewable Fuels Task Force
 NYSDEC (lead state agency)
 State Energy Plan & Governor’s Exec. Order
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Pennsylvania
• Energy Independence Strategy (2007)
– Renewable Fuels initiative ($650 million)
• Climate Change Advisory Committee
– Senate Bill 266 of 2007.
• Ongoing Energy Efforts.
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Pennsylvania
• Initiatives In Place:
– Climate Change Advisory Committee
• Action plan due Oct 2009 and triennially thereafter
• Include scientific predictions, impacts, economic
opportunities, mitigation measures
– PA Clean Car (pend. EPA waiver to CA)
– HDDV Anti-Idling Regulation
– State Biofuels Plan (SB 22)
• Targets for Biodiesel, Cellulostic Ethanol
> U.S. Energy Independence & Security Act ‘07
– Local Gov’t Pilot Grants
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Pennsylvania
• PennDOT Ongoing Activities
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Transit Operations, Capital Support
Alt. Fuels for Transit Vehicles
TMA Program – Encourage Demand Mgm’t.
CMAQ-funded Projects
• Alt. fuels, vehicle technology, congestion mitigation, transit
services & vehicles, TDM.
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Rideshare / Carpool Programs
Smart Transportation / Growth
Traffic Signal Prioritization
Right Sizing
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Special Thanks
Contributors:
Mark Glaze, DelDOT
Howard Simons, MDOT
Mark Rawlings, DDOT
Andy Swords, NJDOT
John Zamurs, NYSDOT
Howard Simons, MDOT
Bob Kaiser, Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Questions?
Michael Baker
Chairman, NASTO Air Quality Committee
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
[email protected]
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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National Issues
• Greenhouse Gases (CO2 and others): global warming,
causing climate change.
– Primarily from fossil fuel consumption.
• GHG emissions are increasing
– Partic. electricity & transportation.
• 3 Areas of Concern:
– Mitigation (reduce GHG emissions &future impacts)
– Adaptation (accommodate likely impacts)
– Science and Research
• Total overall GHG reductions needed from 1990 Base to
contain CC:
–
–
~ 10 - 20% by 2020
~ 60 - 80% by 2050
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National Focus
• AASHTO “Primer on Climate Change”
• AMPO Reports, Articles
• Transportation Research Board
(TRB) Reports
• FHWA and EPA
research,
reports
• Many other efforts
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Climate Change Impacts
• Rising Sea Levels
– Threaten cities, infrastructure, agriculture, habitat.
• Weather Events - More often & frequent
– Flooding & other natural disasters
– Loss of homes, businesses, infrastructure, land.
– Significant retrofit effort.
• Temperature Increases / Weather Changes
– Agriculture, forestry, species threatened.
– Infrastructure threats & operational costs due to heat.
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GHG Emissions Projections
Electricity (Consumption Based)
Fossil Fuel Industry
RCI Fuel Use
Onroad Gasoline Use
Onroad Diesel Use
Jet Fuel/Other Transportation
Agriculture
Waste Management
ODS Substitutes
Other Ind. Process
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MMtCO2e
100
Gasoline Vehicles
80
60
Other Fuels
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Electricity
20
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: US EPA, 2008
NASTO Air Quality Committee
2020
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Transportation GHG Emissions
• Transportation accounts for:
– 28% of GHG equivalents; 33% of CO2
– Highway vehicles - 78% of transportation GHG emissions.
Source: 2004 U.S. Sector Emissions of CO2
Energy Information Agency, Annual Energy Outlook 2005
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Highway Vehicle CO2 Growth Trend
Includes 2007 Energy Independence & Security Act
Nationwide CO2 Trend
2.25
2.00
VM T
1990-2020 CO2 Growth
39%
1990 = 1.00
1.75
# of
Vehicles
1.50
CO 2
1.25
M iles Per
Vehicle
1.00
Gallons
Per M ile
0.75
0.50
1980
1990
2000
Sources: FHWA, AEO 08, Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
2010
2020
2030
Year
NASTO Air Quality Committee
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Regional Initiatives
• Activity to date by states and cities
Plus:
Many MPOs
850 Cities - Mayor’s Climate Plan
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NASTO Total State GHG Goals
Jur.
%
Base Yr.
Future Yr.
Jur.
%
Base Yr.
Future Yr.
CT
10
1990
2020
NJ
~20
1990
2020
80
2001
2050
80
2006
2050
DE
7
1990
2010
NY
10
1990
2020
DC
7
1990
2012
ON
6
1990
2014
ME
10
1990
2020
15
1990
2020
75-85
2004
tbd
80
2001
2050
10
2006
2012
PA
15
2006
2015
QE
6
1990
2012
25-50
2006
2020
RI
10
1990
2020
90
2006
2050
80
2006
tbd
10
1990
2012
25
1990
2012
75-85
2004
tbd
50
1990
2028
10
1990
2020
75
1990
2050
75-85
2006
tbd
MD
MA
NH
VT
NASTO Air Quality Committee
CCAC in Process
Data as of May 2008
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