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THE LECTURE
Soil and health. Bases of the
sanitary cleaning of the
inhabited places.
Author:
Sopel O.N.
THE PLAN
1. Introduction.
2. Soil and health. Problems of
protecting the soil.
3. Hygiene of dwelling.
Microclimate, heating,
ventilation.
4. Hygiene of natural and artificial
illumination in apartments
Soil may be defined as the fine earth covering land surfaces that has
the important function of serving as a substratum of plain, animal,
and human life. Soil essence of our being. Soil by volume, on the
average consists of 45% mineral, 25% water, 25% air and 5%
organic matter (both living and dead organisms).
The Composition of
Soils
Soils are composed of mineral matter,
air, water, organic matter, and
organisms. There are two general
types of soils, mineral soils and
organic soils. Mineral soils form from
decomposed rocks or sediment
derived from rocks. Organic soils form
from the accumulation of plant
material, usually in water-saturated,
anaerobic conditions that retard
decomposition. Mineral matter is
described as texture and comprises
half the volume of mineral soils. The
other half of the soil volume is
composed of voids or holes. These
voids fill with water as the soil soaks
up rain or flood waters, then are
displaced with air as the water drains
away, evaporates, or is absorbed by
roots.
Both plants and animals help to create a soil.
As they die, organic matter incorporates with
the weathered parent material and becomes
part
of
the
soil.
Living animals such as moles,
earthworms, bacteria, fungi and nematodes
are all busy moving through or digesting food
found in the soil. All of these actions mix and
enrich the soil. Here is a creature from
each major group of soil organisms.
Eastern Mole
Nemotode
(Round Worm)
Amoeba
Root Fungus
Bacteria
Night Crawler
Beetle Mite
There are many functions provided by soil that
are important to human beings.
Soil is necessary for:
 dwellings
highways
airports
recreation areas
 it also provides road fill
 material for water retention structures
and fulfils many other essential functions.
Soil pollution is associated mainly
with:
1. The use of
chemicals, such as
fertilizers and
growth-regulating
agents, in
agriculture;
3. The dumping on
land of domestic
refuse and solids
resulting from the
treatment
of
sewage
and
industrial wastes.
2. The dumping on land of large
masses of waste materials from the
mining of coal and minerals and the
smelting of metals. Toxic or harmful
substances can be leached out of
such materials and enter the soil;
4. The soil is thus becoming
increasingly polluted with chemicals,
including heavy metals and products of
the petroleum industry, which can
reach the food chain, surface water, or
ground water, and ultimately be
ingested by man.
The following ways of toxic, radioactive and
biological agents transmission are possible
SOIL
SOIL
SOIL
MAN
AIR
water
planctone
SOIL
Plants
MAN
MAN
FISHES
Animals
MAN
MAN
Biological agents
man-soil-man
pathogenic organisms excreted by man and transmitted to
man by direct contact with contaminated soil or by the
consumption of fruit or vegetables grown in contaminated
soil
animal-soil-man
pathogenic organisms of animals, transmitted to man
by direct contact with soil contaminated by the
wastes of infected animals
soil-man
pathogenic organisms found naturally in soil and
transmitted to man by contact with contaminated soil
Man-soil-man
Enteric bacteria and protozoa can contaminate the soil as a
result of:
unsanitary excreta disposal practices;
 the use of night soil or sewage sludge as a fertilizer,
the direct irrigation of agricultural crops with sewage.
Soil and crops can become contaminated with the bacterial
agents of cholera, salmonellas, bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
and typhoid and paratyphoid fever, or with the protozoan agent
of amoebiasis.
Parasitic worms (helminthes)
Soil-transmitted parasitic worms or geo-helminthes are
characterized by the fact that their eggs or larvae become
infective after a period of incubation in the soil.
Animal-soil-man
In a number of zoonoses (diseases of animals transmissible
to man), the soil may play a major part in transmitting the
infective
agent from animal to man.
Leptospirosis
Other diseases
visceral larva
migrans
lymphocytic
choriomeningi
tis
Anthrax
listeriosis,
Clostridium
perfringens
infections
South American types of
haemorrhagic fever,
tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and
tularemia
Soil-man
Mycoses
Fungi and actinomycetes that grow normally as
saprophytes in soil or vegetation cause most of the
serious subcutaneous, deep-seated and systemic
mycoses.
Tetanus
is an acute disease of man induced by the toxin of the
tetanus bacillus growing an aerobically at the site of an
injury. The infectious agent, clostridium tetani, is excreted
by infected animals, especially horses. The immediate
source of infection may be soil, dust, or animal and
human faces.
Botulism
a frequently fatal type of poisoning caused by bacterial toxins
produced by Clostridium botulinum. The reservoir of the organism is
soil and the intestinal tract of animals. The toxin is formed by the
anaerobic growth of spores in food, which is the immediate source of
poisoning.
Mechanic content of soil and it’s hygienic meaning
Sanitary condition of soil depends greatly on its
structure.
Mechanic analysis data make available the following
divisions of soils:
stony, gravel, cartilage, sandy (>80% sand and <10% of
clay);
sandy loam soil (50-80% of clay),
lesser loamy soil (30-50% of clay),
loamy soils (50-80% of clay),
clay soils (>80% of clay), lime soils (>80% of clay), chalk
soils,
lessic soils (mixture of small sand particles with lime clay),
black earth (>20% of humus), turf soils etc.
According to cleanness the soil is
divided on
Clean
Polluted
Low polluted
Heavily polluted
sanitarychemical
sanitary
entomological
sanitarybiological
Methods of
sanitary
analysis of
soil:
sanitaryhelminthological
analysis
sanitaryphysical
sanitaryradiological
Dwelling influences a man’s health by
volume
area
microclimate
other indexes
The dwelling includes the work place, the place for rest and sleep.
Absences of necessary sanitary-hygienic standards in apartment are
negatively reflected on such physiological organism functions
Breathing
Heat exchange
Higher nervous activity.
The death rate among inhabitants of apartments with a great
number of people is in 1,5 - 2
people residing spacious apartments.
times
higher than among
Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most typical illness of very small
apartments.
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Very easily can spread such infections as:
grippe
measles
scarlet fever
diphtheria
coughing
chicken pox
The dwelling, which corresponds to
hygienic norms, is :
• ought to be sufficiently spacious,
• dry,
• to have a favorable microclimate,
• clean air,
• to be well lighted by sunrays.
In Ukraine
the lowest level of
dwelling space per
person is
2
13-15 m .
The dwelling functions for people are:
satisfaction of physiological needs
(sleeping, personal hygiene, eating, physical training
and sport)
communication and cultural activity (rest,
entertainments, communication of family members)
education and bringing up of children
housekeeping (cooking, cleaning, washing)
professional activity, self-education, amateur
activities.
Natural and artificial lighting
in dwellings
The sun‘s rays render a thermal,
physiological
and
bacteriological
effects.
Therefore residential, industrial
and public buildings should be
provided with daylight.
This phenomenon depends upon percentage of light absorption by
walls of different coloring.
white wallpapers absorb only 8% of light,
yellow – 10%;
blue – 15%
dark brown from 87% to 96%.T
The white color and light tone are mirrored by sun rays on 70-90
of %, yellow color - on 50 %, green - on 50-60 of %, blue, violet on 10-11 of %, black - on 1 %.
Types of insolation mode of locations
Insolar
mode
Orientation
windows on
the world
sides
Time of
insolation
(hour)
%
insolation
square in
room
Maximum South-East 5-6
South-West
80
Moderate South,
East
3-5
40-50
Minimum North-East
North-West
<3
< 30
Orientation of the windows on the
world sides in some rooms:
 hospital wards (patient room) - on the South
or South-East ;
 operation room - on the North;
 reanimation room - on the North, North
West, North-East;

-
classroom-on the South, South- East or East
The day lighting in room depends
on:
•distance between buildings,
•height of the building,
•proximity and height of green
plantations.
Factors that influences on
intensity and duration of
daylight of rooms are:
1. The size of the windows,
2. Form of the windows,
3. Disposition of the windows.
The upper edge of windows is
necessary to be as higher as it is
possible.
The size of the windows
Hygiene has established standards of a glass area
of windows to regulate amount of day light in
rooms. It is recommended to have a glass area of
windows (not windows area) which would be equal,
for dwelling, not less than ⅛ of area of a floor.
Light coefficient (LC) is a ratio of a glass
area of windows to area of a floor.
For living rooms LC = 1:6 - 1:8,
For hospital wards, the doctor’s rooms, study
rooms 1:5 - 1:6,
for operation rooms, laboratory 1:3 - 1:4,
for corridor 1:10 - 1:12.
form and disposition of
the windows
The best in form of the window are the
rectangular windows, and the upper edge of
the window should be placed from a ceiling
on 20-30cm, for maximum receipt of light to
the depth of rooms.
Coefficient of Depth
(DC)
This is an attitude of distance from the window
to the opposite wall to distance from the upper
edge of the window to a floor.
The hygienic norm DC is not than 2.
DC = distance from the window to the opposite wall /
distance from the upper edge of the window to a floor
Coefficient of natural illumination
The basic lighting engineering parameter for a
normalization of daylight is coefficient of
natural illumination (CNI).
CNI = lighting indoors / lighting outdoor
This ratio of lighting indoors to simultaneous
lighting outdoor, is expressed in %.
For living rooms CNI should be
not less than 0,5 %,
for hospital wards not less than 1 %,
for study room - not less than 1,5 %,
for operational room - not less than 2,5 %.
The angle of incidence of light
rays
The angle of incidence of light rays is an
angle between a horizontal surface of a table,
and line conducted from this surface to the
upper edge of the window. The more erectly
direction of light rays, i.e. the more angle, the
lighting is more.
For lighting of workplace the angle of
incidence according to hygienic norms
should be not less than 27.
The angle of opening
The angle of opening of light rays is an
angle between a horizontal surface of a table,
and line conducted from this surface to the
upper edge of the object with darken the
window (building or tree).
Hygienic norm for the angle of opening is not
less than 5.
Diagram for determination of
the angle of incidence and the
angle of opening
The angle of opening calculation:
tg =BC/AB (see table of tangents),  - the angle of incidence;
tg =BD/AB (see table of tangents),  - the angle of shading;
,  is the angle of opening.
distance
between
buildings
At
contamination
of glasses
Light
coefficient
The daylight in
rooms depends
on:
colorings of
a ceiling,
floor, walls
Coefficient of
natural
illumination
Coefficient of
depth
Angle of
opening of
light rays
Angle of
incidence of
light rays
Description of natural illumination
of dwelling
Index
Coefficient of day
lighting (DLC)
Light coefficient
(LC)
Angle
of
incidence of light
rays
Angle of opening
Depth
Coefficient (DC)
Rates
not less 0,75 %
not less 1/6-1/8
not less 27 0
not less 5 0
not greater 2
The sources of artificial lighting.
incandescent bulb
luminescent lamp
Incandescent Lamp
Components of a Fluorescent Lamp
A fluorescent lamp consists of a phosphor-coated tube, starter, and
ballast.
There are 3 types of luminescence lamp:
•- daylight luminescence lamp,
•- white-light luminescence lamp,
-warm-white-light luminescence lamp.
The light from such lamps
can be made to approximate the
quality of daylight
The efficiency of the
fluorescent lamp is
high
Important advantages of
Fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent tube taking
40 watts of energy produces
as much light as a
150-watt incandescent bulb.
Fluorescent lamps produce
less heat than incandescent
bulbs for comparable light
production
The defect of luminescence lamp
cyanotic skin “evening effect”
stroboscopic
effect
Fluorescent lamps
The defect of the daylight luminescence lamp is that
human skin in this light looks unhealthy, cyanotic
That`s why they are not used in hospital and school
rooms.
Comparing with daylight lamps the spectrum of
white-light luminescence lamps is richer with yellow rays.
During lighting with such lamps high workability of an eye
is kept and skin looks better.
Used at schools, apartments, hospitals.
Spectrum of warm-white-light lamps is rich with yellow
and pink rays and decreases eye`s workability, but
considerably improves colour of skin.
Used for illumination of stations, cinemes, underground
Description of artificial light for
dwelling
Living place
Level of least illumination
(lux)
By
incandescence
lamps
By luminescent
lamps
75
100
100
100
Closet,
bathroom
Hall
30
50
50
50
Stairs
10
50
Dwelling
room
Kitchen
LUXMETR
Microclimate of dwelling places
Temperature In winter temperature in apartment has
to be 18-20 0C (for moderate latitude).
Relative humidity (with air temperature 18-200С) has to be
40-60 %.
Speed of air
has to be not more then 0,2-0,3 m/s
Acceptable microclimate - person can wear light clothes
and shoes, stay for a long time
without many moves and have
no unpleasant feelings such
as
freezing or overheating.
Chemical structure of air
The most important part of air for man is Oxygen.
Carbon dioxide
Contents of carbon dioxide gas in atmospheric air is
relatively permanent - 0,03-0,04 %.
СО2 does not congest in air and excludes from it with
rainfalls (1l of rain-water contains about 1-2 ml СО2), reacts
with seawater, forming carbon dioxide salts and, usually,
collapses by chlorophyll plants.
A concentration of СО2 in air in closed, badly ventilated
dwellings rises up because of peoples’ breathing.
Change of content and properties of air
while breathing
Atmospheric Breathed out
air
air
Oxygen
СО2
Temperatur
e
21 %
15,5-16 %
0,03-0,04 %
2,5-5 %
different
35-370
Maximum admissible concentration of СО2 in
dwelling air is 0,1%.
Air ventilation can be considered:
good if the concentration of СО2 in air is lesser
than 0,07 %;
satisfactory when concentration of СО2 in air is
0,1 %
the concentration of 0,15 % is admissible only for
short time staying (for example, in cinemas).
As air is cleaner, it contains more light electric
negatives ions. In village the amount of such ions is
equal 1000 ions per 1 ml of air, on some healthresorts (in mountains and by sea) amount of light
electric negatives ions reaches 3000-4000 ions per
1 ml of air, and in some big industrial cities
amount of such ions falls down to 300-100 ions.
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Lead
Asbstosis
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Pesticides
Radon
Respirable Particles
Secondhand Smoke
Stoves, Heaters, Fireplaces, and Chimneys
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless and
toxic gas.
At lower levels of exposure, CO causes mild
effects that are often mistaken for the flu.
These symptoms include:
headaches,
dizziness,
disorientation,
nausea
fatigue.
Levels CO in Homes
Admissible concentration of carbon oxide
gas in house is 0,002 mg per liter of air.
Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air
attached to yellow flame is 0,045 mg per litre
of air. Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in
air attached to blue flame is 0,001 mg per
litre of air.