Download Unit E Space Exploration Section 1 Notnd Space has changed over

Section 1.3
Pages 384-391
 A star is a hot, glowing ball
of gas (mainly hydrogen)
that gives off light energy.
 Very hot stars look blue,
while cooler stars look red.
 In the 1920's, Ejnar
Hertzsprung and Henry
Norris Russell compared
the surface temperature of
stars with its brightness
(luminosity).
 Stars fall into distinct
groupings.
 An enormous explosion
that marks the death of a
massive star.
 Fusion has stopped and
the star runs out of fuel.
 Gravity causes the star to
collapse upon its self.
 The outer part of the star
explodes with a shock
wave.
 A highly dense remnant
of a star in which gravity
is so strong that not even
light from radiation
going on inside the
remnant can escape.
 Event horizon – point at
which light cannot
escape.
 Invisible to telescopes.
 This shows how the path
of a beam of light bends
in the vicinity of a nonrotating black hole.
 Constellations are the
groupings of stars we
see as patterns in the
night sky.
 There are 88
constellations and
many are explained in
Greek Mythology.
 Asterisms are also
groupings of stars but
are not officially
recognized as
constellations.
 A galaxy is a grouping of
millions or billions of
stars, gas and dust.
 Held together by gravity.
 The Milky Way Galaxy is
the galaxy our solar
system is a part of.
 It is shaped like a
flattened pinwheel, with
arms spiralling out from
the center.
 Spiral – long curved
arms radiating out from
a bright central core –
older to younger at the
arms
 Elliptical – football or
egg – mostly old stars
 Irregular – no notable
shape – smaller size –
mixture of young and
old stars
Section 1.4
Pages 392-400
 The Sun emits
charged
particles in all
directions.
 This solar wind
bombards the
Earth at
400km/s, but the
magnetic field of
the Earth
protects us.
 1. A cloud of gas & dust
in space begin swirling
 2. Most of the matter
(more than 90% of it)
accumulates in the
center - forming the
Sun
 3. The remaining
materials accumulate
(forming planets) and
circle the Sun
 Closest planet to the
Sun
 Surface similar to our
moon
 No atmosphere
 High temperature –
400oC sunny side
 - 180oC dark side
 Similar in size, mass,
and gravity to earth
 High surface
temperature – 450oC
(melt lead)
 90 x atmospheric
pressure to Earth
 CO2 cloud cover
 Rotates opposite to
other planets – east to
west
 Only planet where water
exists in solid, liquid,
and gas
 Only planet to support
life
 Atmosphere provides
protection from the Sun
 70% surface covered in
water
 Active volcanism
 Red planet – orangish –
caused by iron oxides on
surface
 Two polar ice caps (One of
Co2 + H2O and one of CO2)
 Extremely cold surface
temperature
 Varied surface topography
 2 moons
 Largest of all planets
 Twice the mass of all
other planets combined
 Composed of mainly
hydrogen and helium
 Great Red Spot –
atmospheric storm
 Three thin rings
 28 moons
 19 moons
 Second largest planet
 1000+ rings surround
equator
 Composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium
 High wind speeds over
1800 km/h due to fast
rotation
 Unusual axis of rotation –
tilted toward the plane of
its orbit –making it appear
to roll its orbit
 Composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium
 Methane in atmosphere
gives it its blue colour
 Large ring system
 17 moons
 Composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium, and
methane
 Methane in atmosphere gives
it its blue colour
 Little light reaches this planet
 Fastest wind speed – 2500
km/h
 Own ring system
 8 moons
 Cold frozen ball of methane
 Disqualified as a Planet due
to its obit around the sun at
17.2o – more elliptical
 Rotates east to west rather
than west to east
 Some astronomers believe it
and Charon (moon) are
comets that have been
captured by the gravity of the
sun
 Originated from the Kuiper
Belt
 Asteroids – rocky ,
metallic bodies ranging
in size of a few meters to
hundreds of kilometres
 Comets – dirty snowballs
– dust and ice and heat
up when they come close
to the sun, releasing gas
 Comets have predictable
paths – large ellipses
 Meteoroids – small
pieces of rock flying
through space with not
particular path
 Meteor – a meteoroid
that gets pulled into the
atmosphere by gravity –
heats up and gives off
light
 Meteorite – a meteor
that hits the surface
 Solar System
 Space Videos National
Geographic
Section 1.5
Pages 401-407
 Altitude gives you the
"how above the horizon
it is”
 The point straight
overhead has an
altitude of +90 degrees
 Straight underneath, an
altitude of -90 degrees.
 Points on the horizon
have 0 degree altitudes.
 An object halfway up in the
sky has an altitude of 45
degrees.
 Azimuth determines
"which compass direction
it can be found in the sky."
 An azimuth of zero degrees
puts the object in the
North.
 An azimuth of 90 degrees
puts the object in the East.
 An azimuth of 180 degrees
puts the object in the
South, and one of 270
degrees puts the object in
the west.
 Zenith is the position in
the sky directly overhead.
 The path in the sky
along which the
Sun takes is called
the ecliptic.
 The Celestial
Sphere is the name
given to the very
large imaginary
'sphere of sky'
surrounding the
Earth.
 Page 406
 Questions 2-3,
5-7, 10- 11, 13-15,
17
 Read Section 2
pages 408-433