* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download AP Parts of Speech
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish pronouns wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Dutch grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
AP English Language Grammar Intensive Parts of Speech Review 1. Nouns Person, place, thing or idea Can be: ◦ Proper/common ◦ Concrete/abstract ◦ collective 1. Functions of nouns Subject ◦ The baby cried. ◦ Dogs and cats make excellent pets. Predicate Nominative –with a linking verb ◦ My grandfather is a farmer. Direct Object ◦ The children ate all the cookies. 1. Functions of Nouns Object complements – directly modifying the direct object. ◦ My aunt calls my uncle sweetheart. ◦ America recently elected Barack Obama president. Indirect Objects ◦ The salesman sold the company new computers. Object of Preposition ◦ Mike bought flowers for Andrea. 1. Functions of Nouns Appositives ◦ The musician Stevie Nicks is a singer in Fleetwood Mac. ◦ The teacher, my uncle, assigns a lot of homework. 1. Functions of Nouns Adjectives – noun phrase modifiers ◦ The child actor won an award. Adjectives - Possessive modifiers ◦ The librarians' report was informative. Adverbs ◦ We decided to go home. ◦ Today the children woke up early. 2. Pronouns Use in place of one or more nouns Can serve all of the same functions as nouns, including ADJECTIVES!! The word that the pronoun replaces or refers to is called an antecedent There are seven types of pronouns! 2. Pronoun Types Personal and Personal Possessive I, me, my, mine He, him, his She, her, hers We, us, our, ours They, them, their, theirs You, your, yours it, its Note: Possessive Pronouns function as ADJECTIVES! 2. Pronoun Types Reflexive and Intensive ◦ Can be used to REFLECT on a noun or ◦ Can be used to INTENSIFY for emphasis myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves Ex. Miranda explained herself. Ex. Miranda herself made the explanation. 2. Pronoun Types Relative Pronouns ◦ Used to introduce subordinate clauses that who whose which whom Ex. The college [that I chose] was in Texas. Ex. Do you know the woman [whose writing was mentioned?] 2. Pronoun Types Interrogative Pronouns ◦ Used in questions who which whom what whose Ex. Who borrowed my pen? Ex. Which do you prefer? 2. Pronoun Types Who vs. Whom Who is always referring to a subject of a verb in a clause Whom is always referring to an object of a verb in a clause 2. Pronoun Types Examples of correct “who” usage: ◦ Who went to the circus? ◦ We all know who won the game for the team. ◦ Corie knows who made the cake. ◦ Whoever said that you couldn't dance? 2. Pronoun Types Examples of correct “whom” usage ◦ For whom did you vote? ◦ With whom do you sail? ◦ Whom should I ask about the discount? ◦ You may go with whomever you choose. 2. Pronoun Types Who vs. Whom – The he/him test Try restating your clause as statement or answer. If you can substitute “he,” use who. If you substitute “him,” use whom. Who went to the circus? He went to the circus Corie knows who made the cake. He made the cake. For whom did you vote? I voted for him. You may go with whomever you choose. I choose him. 2. Pronoun Types Demonstrative Pronouns ◦ Used to point out persons or things This that these Ex. That is an excellent answer. Ex. This is the correct answer. those 2. Pronoun Types Indefinite Pronouns ◦ Pronouns that do not usually refer to a specific antecedent all everybody no one another everyone one any few other anybody many several anyone most some both neither somebody each nobody someone either none such 3. Adjectives A word used to modify a noun or pronoun Answers the questions: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Which one? What kind? How many? How much? 3. Adjective Placement Before the nouns they modify ◦ The green apples smelled good. ◦ I placed the arduous task in the hands of a capable student. Predicate Adjective – with a linking verb ◦ Deborah is practical. ◦ His stew tasted delicious. After the nouns they modify ◦ The hikers, tired and hungry, straglled into camp 4.Verbs A word that expresses action or state of being Three types ◦ Action – transitive or intransitive ◦ Linking – describing state or condition ◦ Helping – used with a main verb to form a verb phrase 4.Verbs Action Transitive – takes a direct object ◦ The rain pelted the windows. ◦ My cousin bought a car. Action Intransitive – no object necessary ◦ The rain fell. ◦ My cousin drove. Some are one, some are both ◦ The chorus sang patriotic songs. (trans) ◦ The chorus sang. (intrans) 4.Verbs Linking Verbs – describe state of being Link the subject to a noun, pronoun or adjective that describes or identifies the subject Links a subject to a subject complement is were appear look am be become remain are being feel seem was been grow sound stay taste 4.Verbs Linking verb examples ◦ This is she ◦ She looks serious ◦ My uncle was a doctor. Some words can be linking OR action, based on usage ◦ The singer appeared nervous (linking) ◦ The singer appeared on television (action) 4.Verbs Helping verbs – combine with other verbs to form verb phrases Am has can/may have Are had could/would/should have Is can could/would/should be Was may will/shall/have been Were will/shall be might have Do will/shall have might have been Did has/had been must Have can/may be must have must have been 4.Verbs Examples of Helping Verbs – they can be separated and still function as one ◦ Did you see Lorraine Hansberry’s play? ◦ We have not seen it yet. 5. Adverbs A word used to modify a verb, adjective or other adverb Answers the questions ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Where? When? In what way? To what extent? 5. Adverbs Modify a verb ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ She reads quickly. (in what way) She reads early and late. (when) She reads everywhere. (where) She reads thoroughly. (to what extent) She reads frequently. (how often) 5. Adverbs Modify an adjective ◦ She is an awfully intense competitor Modify another adverb ◦ She skated very well. Used chiefly for emphasis really actually truly ◦ She can actually fly over the ice ◦ She is a really good skater. indeed 5. Adverbs Nouns as adverbs ◦ My parents left yesterday. ◦ They will return Saturday. 6. Preposition A word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence Used as part of a prepositional phrase About Above Across After Against Along Amid Among Around At Before Behind Below Beneath beside besides between beyond by concerning down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until unto up upon with within without 6. Preposition Examples of prepositions/phrases The first speaker [on the program] is my mother. Her cousin will teach [in San Diego] next year. The two [of us] edited the article [for the magazine]. 7. Conjunctions Joins words or groups of words Coordinating, Correlative, or Subordinating 7. Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions ◦ Connect items of equal importance and but for or so nor yet Ex. The bear turned and lumbered off into the woods. Ex. We can use a pickup truck or a jeep. 7. Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions ◦ Must be used as a pair… shows correlation Either… or neither… nor Both… and not only… but (also) Whether… or Ex. She helped both Carrie and me with our applications 7. Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Used to begin subordinate clauses (usually adverb clauses) After before provided Although how since As if than As much as inasmuch as that Because in order that though Unless until when Where while Note: many of these words can also be used as prepositions, adverbs or relative pronouns 7. Conjunctions Examples of subordinating conjunctions ◦ This computer is even better [than we had anticipated]. ◦ The sun had already set [when we reached the Grand Canyon]. ◦ [If the price is right], I will buy your bicycle. ◦ [Since you can’t help me], I will do it myself 8. Interjections A word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence. Oh! My goodness! Yikes! Yeah, Hooray! Sure, Awww, The End