Download Biology EOC Class 5 - Steilacoom School District

Biology EOC
Class #5
Room 223
Mrs. Gleb
Class Five Plan!
 Writing:
Controlled Experiment Procedures
 Populations
 Nutrient Cycles
 Ecology
 Practice Test Questions (if there is time!)
Writing on the EOC
 You
MUST write something on these
sections!
 These questions are where the most
students lose points – do not skip
them
 Carefully review each writing
question and underline the
components that your answer
should have
Types of Short Answer / Writing
Questions
 Controlled
 Give
Experiment Procedure
logical steps to do the experiment
 Identify 2 controlled variables
 Identify manipulated variable (3
conditions)
 Identify responding variable
 Identify how often measurements
should be taken and recorded. Say
“measure and record”
 Make your final step “repeat steps (list
steps) two more times and average the
data”
ECOLOGY
Ecology
 Topics






covered in Ecology
Transfers and Cycles of Matter & Energy
Population Density
Limiting Factors
Population Graphs
Biodiversity
Sustainability
Ecology
 Ecology
: The study of the interactions
between organisms and between
organisms and their environment.
 Biosphere:
All life on Earth and all the parts
of the Earth in which life exists (land,
water, atmosphere)
Biotic & Abiotic Factors
Biotic
parts of the
environment
Abiotic
 Living
 Non-living
 Ex:
 Ex:
animals, plants,
bacteria, fungus
parts of
the environment
sun, heat, rain,
wind, soil type, etc
Energy, Producers,
and Consumers
 Primary



Producers (also called: Autotroph)
Use solar or chemical energy to produce
“food” by assembling inorganic
compounds into complex organic
molecules
The first producers of energy-rich
compounds that are used by other
organisms
Example: Plants, Algae, and some bacteria
Primary Producers
 Use

Photosynthesis
 Or

Energy from sunlight
Chemical Energy
Chemosynthesis
Consumers
 Consumers

(also called heterotroph)
Get energy from other organisms
 Carnivores
(River Otters)
 Herbivores (Cows)
 Scavengers (Vultures)
 Omnivores (Humans, Bears)
 Decomposers (Fungi)
 Detrivores (Worms)
Energy Flow
 Food
A
Chain
series of steps
in which
organisms
transfer energy
by eating and
being eaten
Food Web
 Food
A
Web
network
of many
intertwined
chains
Trophic Levels & Ecological
Pyramids
 Each
step in a food web is called a
trophic level.

The first level is always PRIMARY PRODUCERS
Energy Lost
 About
10
percent of the
energy
available at any
level is
transferred to
the next highest
level.
Cycles of Matter
 Water
Cycle
 Carbon Cycle
 Nitrogen Cycle
Cycles of Matter activity!
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Niche
A
niche is the range of physical and
biological conditions in which a species
lives and the way the species obtains
what it needs to survive and reproduce
 The organism’s “occupation”
 No two species can occupy the same
niche in the same environment for a long
time
Niche
 How
a population responds to resources
and enemies (grows when resources are
abundant, and when predators, parasites
and pathogens are scarce)
 How it affects the factors (reduces
abundance of resources through
consumption, or contributing to the
growth of predators by being consumed)
Habitat
A
habitat is the general
place in which an organism
lives
The organisms “address”
Tolerance
 Tolerance
is the ability to survive and
reproduce under a range of
environmental conditions
 Any shift beyond the organism’s tolerance
causes stress
 The organism must expend energy to
maintain homeostasis (stable internal
conditions) and has less available energy
for growth and reproduction
Aspects of Niche
 Resources
- Any necessity of life
 Resources example: water, nutrients,
space
 Abiotic Aspects – example, access to
water, rocks, soil
 Biotic Aspects – example, what it eats,
how and when it reproduces
Community Relationships
 Predation
 Herbivory
 Symbiosis



Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Predation
 Predation
is an interaction in which one
animal (predator) captures and feeds on
another animal (prey)
 Predators have an affect on the size of
prey populations and where the prey can
live
 Prey availability can determine how large
a predator population can become
Examples of Predation
 Snake
 Lynx
& Mouse
and Hare
Herbivory
Herbivore
is an interaction in
which an animal (herbivore)
feeds on producers
Herbivores can affect both the
size and distribution where
plants grow
Herbivory
 Caterpillar
eating leaves
Symbiosis
Any
relationship in which two
species live in close association
Three
kinds:
 Mutualism
– both benefit
 Parasitism – one benefits, the other is
harmed
 Commensalism – one benefits, the other
is neither helped nor harmed
Example of Mutualism
Bee
and Flower
 Bee
gets food
 Flower gets pollinated
Example of Commensalism
Cows
and Cattle Egret
 Cattle
Egret gets insects that fly
out of grass as cow grazes
 Cow not affected
Example of Parasitism
Dog
Tick
and Tick
gets food
Dog looses nutrients and is
exposed to disease
Keystone Species
Keystone Species
 Keystone
species
are species that
have a large
impact on the
structure of a
community
 Example: Sea otters
on kelp forest
ecosystems
Ecological Succession
A
series of predictable changes that
occur in a community over time
After a disturbance, ecosystems
change over time as some species
die out and others move in
There are two kinds of ecological
succession
 Primary
& Secondary
Primary Succession
Occurs
where there are no organic
remnants of a previous community
Occurs when a major disturbance
such as a volcanic explosion or a
retreating glacier leaves exposed
bare rock behind
Occurs over 10’s to 100’s of years
Primary Succession
Mount St Helens
Pioneer Species: Lichens
 The
first stage of primary succession
requires a pioneer species
 A lichen is a symbiotic relationship
between a fungus and algae
 They are the first organisms to grow on
bare rock
 As they fix atmospheric nitrogen and
break down rock (and add organic
material to the soil), plants can begin to
grow
Secondary Succession
 Occurs
where some organic
components of a community
remain in the soil
 Occurs after a disturbance such as
a forest fire, hurricane, or human
action (for example: logging)
 Occurs much faster, usually within
40-50 years of the disturbance
Secondary Succession
Climax Communities
 Climax
communities are stable
communities that include many species
 Eventually the community will begin to
look similar to the way they looked prior to
the disturbance, but will never be the
exact same
 Human disturbance (such as farming) can
have a much larger impact because of
the change in soil composition
Biomes
Described
in terms of abiotic
factors like climate and soil
type, and biotic factors like
plant and animal life
Organisms within the biome
can be characterized by
adaptations that make them
uniquely suited for that biome
Climate
Defined
by year after year
patterns of temperature and
precipitation
Affected by latitude and
geographic features
A major component in defining
biomes
Ecology
Populations
Geographic Range
The
area inhabited by a
population
Example: Polar Bears have
a geographic range of the
arctic
Population Density
The
number of individuals
per unit area
Example: Number of deer
per square mile of forest
Distribution
 How
individuals are spaced out in a
population



Random (wildflowers in a field)
Clumped (school of fish)
Uniform (penguins)
Age Structure
 The
number of males and females in a
population and the age of each
Age Structure Diagrams
 Age
structure diagrams can be used to
predict growth



More younger people = the population will
increase over time
More older people = the population will
decrease over time
Even throughout = the population will
remain constant over time
Age Structure Diagram
Exponential Growth
 Exponential
growth occurs when as a
population gets larger, it also grows faster
 Exponential growth happens under ideal
conditions with unlimited resources
 A graph of exponential growth looks like a
“J”
Logistical Growth
Logistical
growth occurs when a
population grows exponentially for a
while, slows, and then stops
This is how most populations grow
Looks like an “S”
Carrying Capacity
 Carrying
capacity is the maximum
number of individuals of a particular
species that an environment can support
 Once a population reaches its carrying
capacity, the number of individuals will
fluctuate just above and just below the
carrying capacity
Limiting Factors
 Any
factor that controls the growth
of a population
 Density
Dependent (depends on
number of individuals)
 Example: Competition for resources,
Predation & Herbivory, Parasitism &
Disease
 Density Independent (Affects all
populations similarly)
 Example: Unusual Weather Patterns
(hurricanes, droughts, floods, etc)
Ecology
Humans in the Biosphere
Consequences of Human
Activities – Farming
Positive
 Dependable
source of food
 Development of
towns, cities, and
society
Negative
 Uses
freshwater
and soil resources
 Fertilizer production
and farm
equipment requires
burning of fuels
Consequences of Human
Activities – Cities
Positive
 Growth
of cities
and suburbs have
given us a high
standard of living
Negative



Lots of wastes are
produced
Air, water, and land
pollution increased
Consumption of farm
land and division of
natural habitats
Consequences of Human
Activities – Factories
Positive
 Homes,
Negative
clothes,
cars
 Jobs
 Electronic Devices
 Burning
fossil fuels
 Wastes from
factories discarded
into air, water, and
soil
Renewable Resources
A
resource that can be
produced or replaced by a
healthy ecosystem
Trees, crops, energy that is
produced without fossil fuels
Nonrenewable Resources
 Resource
that can not be replaced by
natural processes in a reasonable amount
of time
 Example: wood, fossil fuels
Soil Resources
Top
Soil
Rich
in organic matter and
nutrients
Low in salts
Retains moisture yet allows
water to drain
Problem: Erosion
Removal
of soil by wind or
water
Areas that are left barren
by plowing or deforestation
are subject to harsh erosion
Problem: Monoculture
Planting
the same crop
year after year
Strips the soil of one nutrient
over and over