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Ecology Classification of Organisms • The science of classifying organisms is called Taxonomy. • Carl Linnaeus worked out a broad system of classification for plants and animals in which an organisms form and structure are the basis for arranging specimens in a collection. • Domain – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order- Family – Genus – Species • Binomial Nomenclature is a two word scientific name that consists of the genus followed by the species. Ecology • The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment. Populations • A population is all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time. • Populations tend to grow because individuals tend to have multiple offspring over their lifetime. • Eventually limited resources limit in an environment limit the growth of the population 3 Key Factors of Populations • Population Size – the number of individuals • Population Density – the number of individuals that live in a given area. • Dispersion – the way the individuals of the population are arranged in space. – Random – Even – Clumped Carrying Capacity • Populations do not usually grow unchecked. Their growth is limited by predators, disease, and the availability of resources. • The population size that an environment can sustain is called the carrying capacity. Ecosystems • The place where a particular population of a species lives is it’s habitat. • The many different species that live together in a habitat are called a community. • An ecosystem consists of a community and all the physical aspects of it’s habitat. Ecosystems • The physical (nonliving) aspects of a habitat are known as abiotic factors • The organisms(living) aspects of a habitat are known as biotic factors. Ecosystems • The occupation of an organism is called its niche. This includes how it gets food, reproduces, avoids predators, etc. • The niche of an organism determines its habitat. • The way an organism has evolved to survive determines where it can live. Environmental Factors • Since organisms have specific habitat requirements, different environmental conditions can limit where they live. • These conditions are called limiting factors. Community Interactions Competition • One of the main interactions between organisms is competition. • Competition is usually greatest between members of the same species because such individuals are more likely to share identical niches. Community Interactions Predation • In nature most living things will either eat or be eaten. • In predation members of one population are a food source (prey) for members of another population (predators). Community Interactions • • • • Symbiosis A close relationship between two different organisms is called symbiosis. A parasite lives on or in another organism that it uses for food and sometimes for shelter. The organism that the parasite uses is called them host. In this type of symbiosis the parasite benefits from the relationship while the host is harmed. Community Interactions Symbiosis • Comensalism – were one member of a symbiotic relationship benefits and the other is unaffected. • Mutualism – where both members of a symbiotic relationship benefit. Ecological Succession • Succession is a series of slow changes that occur until a stable climax community is reached. Ecological Succession • Primary Succession occurs when a new environment appears for the first time and becomes inhabited by pioneer species. • Secondary Succession occurs after a sudden disturbance causes a community to quickly go through a series of changes Energy in Ecosystems • In order for organisms to survive there must be a continuous source of energy. • Ecologists describe the flow of energy between organisms in a system of feeding levels called trophic levels. (producers and consumers) Energy in Ecosystems • Producers – Organisms that first capture energy and convert it to energy storing molecules • Consumers – Organisms that consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules. Energy in Ecosystems • The path of energy through the tropic levels of an ecosystem is called a food chain. (producers to consumers- herbivores, omnivores, carnivores detritivores) • An interconnected group of food chain is called a food web Chain vs Web Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems • All substances are made up of chemical elements. • Only a few elements are found in significant amounts in organisms, carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfer. • Because they are needed by living things these elements need to be recycled throughout ecosystems again and again. Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle