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Kingdom Classifications
Section 15.1
History of Kingdom Systems
• Aristotle was the first to classify organisms:
– Plant
– Animal
• Microscope use allowed scientist to see:
– Microscopic organisms
– Cells had different structures
The Five Kingdom System
•
•
•
•
•
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera
• The five kingdom system worked for a while until
new technology allowed scientist to see different
gene sequences in bacteria, so another kingdom
was formed
The Six Kingdom System
• Animalia
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Protista
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
*What do you notice that is different?
The Six Kingdom System
• The kingdom Monera was divided into
• Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)had
– different gene sequences
– Chemical specialization in their cell walls
– Lived in the most extreme places (Dead Sea, Hot
springs)
• Eubacteria
– All other bacteria
– Includes disease causing bacteria
Domains
• Some scientists classify the six kingdoms into
Domains
Kingdom Classifications
Section 15.2
Bacteria
• Bacteria are single-cell, prokaryotic organisms
– No true nucleus
– No other organelles
• Bacteria belong to two different Kingdoms
– Kingdom Archaebacteria
– Kingdom Eubacteria
• Most numerous organisms on Earth
Comparing Archae- and Eu-bacteria
Archaebacteria
• Live in harsh environments
– Hot sulfur springs, the Great
Salt Lake, Volcanic deep-sea
vents
– Love extreme pH level (acidic
or basic)
– Love heat
• Have similar RNA gene
sequences that are different
from Eubacteria
• Most are Autotrophs
– Anaerobic (without oxygen)
– Chemosynthesis
Eubacteria
• Most familiar bacteria
• Some are disease-causing
• Classified by
– Shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum
– Gram stain (positive or negative)
• Can obtain nutrients as
–
–
–
–
Heterotrophs
Parasites
Autotrophs
Saprotrophs
• Most have flagella for movement
Bacteria Reproduction
• Bacteria do not have a nucleus, but they DO
have DNA in their cytoplasm
• Bacteria reproduce by
– Replicating DNA
– Double cell size
– Divide in half
• Two type of bacterial reproduction are
– Binary fission (cells are identical)
– Conjugation (exchange DNA with another cell)
Bacteria Reproduction
• Binary Fission
• Conjugation
Kingdom Classifications
Section 15.3
Kingdom Protista
• Protists are all eukaryotes with a nucleus and
organelles
• Includes any organism that does not fit the
other kingdoms
Animal-Like Protists
•
•
•
•
Called Protozoans
Single-celled
Heterotrophic
Classified by how they move:
– Ciliates (paramecium)
– Flagellates(Euglena)
– Amoebas
– Sporozoans
Animal-Like Protists
• Paramecium with cilia
• Euglena with flagella
Animal-Like Protists
• Amoeba with pseudopod
Plant-Like Protists
• Called Algae
• Autotrophs with chlorophyll and carry-out
photosynthesis
• Classified by color and structure
– Green, red, brown, golden
– Single-cellular or multicellular
Plant-Like Protists
• Euglena live in
freshwater and are
unicellular
• Diatoms are unicellular
and have a glasslike
outer shell
Fungus-Like Protists
• Are decomposers
• Slime molds, downy mildews, water molds
Kingdom Classifications
Section 15.4
Kingdom Fungi
• Most Fungi are multicellular and they grow
anywhere there is moisture
• They were once classified as plants, but they
do not have chlorophyll
• Fungi can be
– Consumers (heterotrophs)
– Decomposers (saprotrophs)
• Most have a cell wall made of chitin
Fungi Reproduction
• Reproduction may occur:
– Sexually by producing spores
– Asexually by fission or budding