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Transcript
Cells and Systems Vocabulary 1. Organisms _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Selectively Permeable _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Diffusion _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Osmosis _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Turgor Pressure _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Tissue _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Organs _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 1 8. Organ System _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 9. Microorganism _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 10.Bacteria _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 11.Protists _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 12.Cell Specialization _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 13.Disease _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 14.Hormones _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 15.Digestion _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 16.Respiration _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 17.Nucleus _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 18.Chromosomes _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2 Cells and Systems Characteristics of Living Things 1. What are the important differences between living and non living things? a) ________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________ d) ________________________________________________________ e) ________________________________________________________ f) ________________________________________________________ 2. What is Cell Theory? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. What are the two important components in cell theory? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. a) b) c) d) e) f) Example A plant bends towards light A dog has puppies A cut on your hand heals A bird eats a sunflower seed Crops dry up in the fall Trees lose their leaves in the fall Characteristic Of Living Thing 3 Cells and Systems Plant and Animal Cell Vocabulary 1. Nucleus ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Chromosomes ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. Cell Membrane ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. Cytoplasm ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5. Vacuole ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 6. Cell Wall ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 7. Chloroplasts ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4 Cells and Systems Cell Theory History Cell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 17th century was made possible by advances in microscopy. This theory is one of the foundations of biology. The theory says that new cells are formed from other existing cells, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms. The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined (under a coarse, compound microscope) very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments a monk would live in. Because of this association, Robert Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. Hooke's description of these cells (which were actually non-living cell walls) was published in Micrographia. His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. The first person to make a compound microscope was Zacharias Jansen, while the first to witness a live cell under a microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules, meaning "little animals". Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria. The idea that cells were separable into individual units was proposed by Ludolph Christian Treviranus and Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer. All of this finally led to Henri Dutrochet formulating one of the fundamental tenets of modern cell theory by declaring that "The cell is the fundamental element of organization". The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. The cell theory states: All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products. New cells are created by old cells dividing into two. Cells are the basic building units of life. 5 The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or small, or how simple or complex. Since according to research, cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about all life. And because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth, reproduction, and all other functions that living things perform. By learning about cells and how they function, you can learn about all types of living things. Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to three scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. Their theory accepted the first two tenets of modern cell theory. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory. The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. All cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. Energy flow occurs within cells. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. All known living things are made up of one or more cells. Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are known as unicellular organisms. Others are multicellular, composed of a number of cells. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells. Questions (p.24-25) 1. Where did the name “cell” come from? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Give one advantage of a compound light microscope over a single-lens microscope. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6 3. Give one advantage of a scanning electron microscope over a transmission electron microscope. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Describe differences in the appearance of algae cells when viewed with each microscope. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Which microscope would you recommend for viewing each of the following? Give reasons for your choice. a) The detailed structure of a cell’s nucleus ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) A single cell ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 7 Cells and Systems Animal Cell Structures Carefully draw label and colour an animal cell 8 Cells and Systems Plant Cell Structures Carefully draw label and colour a plant cell 9 Cells and Systems Cell Structures 1. What is the purpose of cytoplasm? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. List four differences between a plant and animal cell? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. What is the purpose of the vacuole in a plant or animal cell? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. The cell membrane is _____________________________________ which allows materials such as nutrients and waste pass through it. 5. DNA is found in the __________________________ which are located in the nucleus of a plant or animal cell. 6. List and describe the two structures that allow some cells to move. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. What part of a plant cell allows the cell to make its own food? Briefly describe the process. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 10 Cells and Systems Cell Structures Part 2 The following cell structures are only visible with an electron microscope 1. Mitochondria _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Respiration _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Ribosome _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Golgi Apparatus _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Lysosomes _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Organelles _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 11 Cells and Systems Parts of a Cell P26-27 1. What are organelles? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. How do mitochondria provide cells with energy? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. What is another name for mitochondria? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. What are needed for cell growth, repair and reproduction? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Where can you find ribosomes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. What is the purpose of lysosomes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. What is another name for lysosomes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. What is a vesicle, and where are they found? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 12 Cells and Systems p. 28-29 1. Explain the process of diffusion? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the following a) Impermeable ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) Permeable ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ c) Selectively Permeable ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. What type of membrane do cells have? Explain why? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 13 Cells and Systems Osmosis p.30-33 1. What is Osmosis? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. How are osmosis and diffusion different? How are they the same? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. What determines the direction of water movement in or out of a cell? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. What prevents a plant cell from bursting when it is full of water? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Why are animal cells more likely than plant cells to burst when placed in distilled water? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Describe turgor pressure. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 14 Diabetes and Cells Diabetes is a very common disease, which, if not treated, can be very dangerous. There are two types of diabetes. They were once called juvenile-onset diabetes and adult diabetes. However, today we know that all ages can get both types so they are simply called type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1, which occurs in approximately 10 percent of all cases, is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system, by mistake, attacks its own insulinproducing cells so that insufficient amounts of insulin are produced - or no insulin at all. Type 1 affects predominantly young people and usually makes its debut before the age of 30, and most frequently between the ages of 10 and 14. Type 2, which makes up the remaining 90 percent of diabetes cases, commonly affects patients during the second half of their lives. The cells of the body no longer react to insulin as they should. This is called insulin resistance. In the early 1920s, Frederick Banting, John Macleod, George Best and Bertram Collip isolated the hormone insulin and purified it so that it could be administered to humans. This was a major breakthrough in the treatment of diabetes type 1. Insulin Insulin is a hormone. Hormones are chemical substances that regulate the cells of the body and are produced by special glands. The hormone insulin is a main regulator of the glucose (sugar) levels in the blood. Insulin is produced in the pancreas. To be more specific, it's produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. When we eat, glucose levels rise, and insulin is released into the bloodstream. The insulin acts like a key, opening up cells so they can take in the sugar and use it as an energy source. Sugar is one of the top energy sources for the body. The body gets it in many forms, but mainly as carbohydrates that are broken down to glucose during the digestive process. Examples of food rich in carbohydrates are pasta, rice, bread, potatoes, and of course, all sorts of sweets. 15 The cells of a person with diabetes have problems taking up glucose due to either the lack of insulin or a resistance to insulin. Instead, the sugar remains in the blood, resulting in the rise of blood glucose levels. People with type 1 diabetes must have injections of insulin every day. Each diabetic patient needs an exact dose of insulin, calculated especially for him or her. An overdose of insulin lowers the blood sugar concentration. If it becomes too low, it can result in a coma and eventually death. An overdose is treated by giving the patient sugar in a form that is as pure as possible - for example, orange juice or table sugar. If the patient is in a coma, glucose must be injected directly into the bloodstream. If a diabetic gets too little insulin, he or she can go into a coma just as when overdosing insulin. The two types of coma are very hard to distinguish from each other without testing the blood glucose levels of the patient. If the levels are low, the patient suffers from an overdose of insulin. If blood glucose levels are high, the patient doesn't have enough insulin. Production of Insulin So how is insulin for medical use made? For a long time insulin was extracted from the pancreases of cattle or pigs, and then it was purified so that it could be safely administered to humans. Today, it's more common to instruct genetically modified bacteria or yeast to produce a perfect copy of human insulin. 16 More About Diabetes Type 1 In type 1 diabetes the body's immune system erroneously attacks its own beta cells, thereby destroying insulin production. Why does this happen? Scientists do not know, but it is likely that the condition develops gradually in a series of steps. Starting from a hereditary predisposition, various environmental influences (viral infections and poisoning are suspected) have to take effect, one after the other, before the self-destruction of insulin begins. With insulin treatment, a type 1 patient can live a perfectly normal life. Left untreated however, type 1 diabetes can rapidly lead to a life-threatening situation. The kidneys strive to remove the excess glucose, which pulls water with it and leads to heavy urination and an insatiable thirst. The fat cells are broken down to counter sugar loss, and toxic levels of acids build up in the blood - a condition known as ketoacidosis. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes excessive thirst and dehydration frequent urination hunger, accompanied by weight loss blurred vision weakness, tiredness, or sleepiness vomiting or nausea sudden irritability Type 2 Type 2 diabetes begins with insulin resistance. This means that the cells don't react to insulin the way they are supposed to. Normally, insulin binds to receptors on the cell surface. This activates the cell's glucose transporter molecules to form a doorway in the cell membrane so that glucose can enter the cell. However, when insulin resistance occurs, there's a reduced response to the insulin signals. Therefore, fewer doorways are formed and some glucose is locked out of the cells. 17 Type 2 diabetes is often hard to discover. An average of seven years passes from the onset of the disease to its diagnosis. This means that a fraction of the patients already suffer damage to their blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, or nerves. In most cases, type 2 diabetes patients are instructed to lead a life with "a healthy diet and lots of exercise." About one out of three patients receive insulin. Many patients are treated with a variety of oral drugs that affect blood glucose levels in various ways. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes fatigue excessive thirst frequent urination blurred vision mood changes a high rate of infections slow healing process Questions 1. How are the cells affected in type 1 and type 2 diabetes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. What is insulin? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Explain why is insulin described as a key? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 18 4. How is glucose involved in diabetes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. What happens when the blood sugar in someone with diabetes falls too low? How would this problem be treated? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. What happens when the insulin level in someone with diabetes is too low? How is it treated? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. What is ketoacidosis? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. How long does it usually take to discover someone has type 2 diabetes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 9. What are some of the problems with not knowing your diabetic? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 19 Cells and Systems Unicellular Organism P. 42 In the space below draw, colour and label a diagram of a bacteria cell. The labels need to include a brief description of what each part does. 20 Cells and Systems Unicellular Organism P. 42-45 1. How can microorganisms be useful? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think that bacteria are considered more primitive than other cells? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Describe how Euglena can act both like a plant and animal cell? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. What is a diatom and where are they found? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. How are protists different than bacteria? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Describe how the feeding process is different between a paramecium and amoeba? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 21 Cells and Systems Cell Specialization 1. What is the purpose of thin walled cells in a plant? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. What is the purpose of thick walled cells in a plant? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Why are unicellular organisms not considered specialized? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. What are some of the specialized features of a nerve cell in an animal? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. What are some of the specialized features of a stomach cell? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Why do stomach cells have many Golgi apparatuses? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Would the cell walls in the lungs be thin or thick? Explain why. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 22 Cells and Systems Cell Wars 1. How did the invention of the microscope help doctors understand what caused diseases? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Why are viruses not referred to as living things? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. How do viruses spread? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Explain why a virus might exist for years and only become active once it comes into contact with a living cell? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Explain how a living cell can become a virus factory? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Describe one way the body fights infection and disease. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. What would be the advantage of removing damaged cells from the body? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. Will an antibody produced against the influenza virus lock onto a common cold virus? _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 23 Cells and Systems Plant Transportation Systems p. 54-57 1. Explain the following; a) Root Pressure ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) Capillarity ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ c) Transpiration ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. Define the following; a) Xylem Vessels ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) Phloem Vessels ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how plants move the following; a) Water ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) Sugars ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 24 Cells and Systems Examining the Leaf p. 58 In the space below draw color and label a cross section of a leaf 25 Cells and Systems Examining the Leaf 1. Explain how the following parts of the leaf work: a) The Cuticle ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) The Epidermis ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ c) The Palisade ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ d) The Veins ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. Explain how gas exchange takes place in a leaf. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. What are guard cells and how do they work? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. How are leaves on a plant in a dry sunny area different than plant leaves found in moist shay areas? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 26 Cells and Systems Observations of a Naturalist p.60-61 Read the questions in the textbook and answer below a) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ e) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ f) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ g) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ h) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ i) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ j) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ k) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 27 Cells and Systems Organ Systems Working Together p. 62-63 a) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ e) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ f) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ g) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ h) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ i) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 28 Cells and Systems p. 40-41 1. List the following structures from smallest to largest and give an example of each: organ system, molecule, tissue, cell, and organ. a) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ d) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ e) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. Choose one of the human organ systems and construct a concept Map. A sample concept of the circulatory system is on page 40 Organ System: 29 Cells and Systems Fluid Movement in Animals p. 64-65 In the Boxes below draw, colour and explain how the heart works. 30
