Download States` Rights_Nullification

Warm up
Individual work, no talking, 5 mins to
complete!!
• Put information in Notebook.
• Think about a rule in your house that you
would like to change and make a list of at least
three rules.
• Then write 1-2 sentences about each of your
three rules explaining how you would
convince your parents to change or get rid of
the rule.
Civil War: a war bw 2 or more different
groups or states within a single nation.
• Abolitionist: ppl against slavery and call for it
to end
• The gap bw the north and the south widened
every time the us gained more territory
• Georgia was a slave state, wanted slavery to
expand and was distrustful of the abolitionist
movement taking place in the North.
Cause #1: States’ Rights
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What is states’ rights?
What does this mean?
• political powers reserved for the U.S.
state governments rather than the
federal government
• The Tenth Amendment states the
Constitution's principle of federalism by
providing that powers not granted to the
federal government nor prohibited to the
States by the Constitution are reserved
to the States or the people.
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What is secession?
• to formally withdraw
membership in an organization
or political group
Cause #2: Nullification
• What is nullification?
• How does this relate
to the civil war?
• legal theory that a U.S. State
has the right to nullify, or
invalidate, any federal law that
a state has deemed
unconstitutional.
• Nullification crisis in 1830 was
the dispute over tariffs (tax on
imports or exports)
• South Carolina chose to nullify
federal tariffs placed by
President Andrew Jackson.
Slavery
• Read excerpts from
Incidents in the Life of a
Slave Girl.
• Groups of 3
• Discuss reading with
your group members
• Answer questions on
your own paper. ONLY
1 person from each
group needs to write
down the answers. Put
all group members
names on sheet.
Acts and Compromises
• The issue of slavery along w/ the concept of State’s
rights left a huge rift on the country.
• US Congress tried to close the wound w/
compromises and acts that acted as band-aids.
• Acts and compromises kept the country together for
a short time, as Abraham Lincoln said, “A house
divided against itself cannot stand.”
Missouri Compromise
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By 1820, there were 22 states, 11 free and 11 slave.
This meant that there were an equal number of senators for each state.
The number of reps in the House is determined by population. The free states had more reps in the
House than the slave states.
Missouri applied for statehood in 1820.
The equal balance in the senate would be tipped.
Congress came up with the Missouri Compromise to appease both sides
1. Missouri would be added as a
slave state.
2. Maine would be added as a
free state
3. No more states north of
Missouri’s southern border would
be added as slave states. This
would ensure that the balance of
power remains equal.
Compromise of 1850
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What was the compromise of 1850?
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What is the Georgia Platform in relation to •
the Compromise of 1850?
1. Slave trading would end in D.C. however people
in D.C. could still own slaves.
2. The Fugitive Slave Act was passed-This meant
that any slave who ran away to a free state would
be returned to their owners in the south.
California applied for statehood in 1850.
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California applied as a free state bc their
constitution did not allow slavery.
This would upset the balance of power in the
senate.
To HELP remember the 2
compromises: the “M” compromise
(Missouri and Maine) for the Missouri
Compromise and the “C” compromise
(California) for the Compromise of
1850.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854 Kansas and Nebraska were considered
territories.
The idea of Popular Sovereignty was
introduced.
This means that when a state applies for
statehood, the people of that state would
vote if they want to be a free state or slave
state.
Based on the map I gave you, what is wrong
with this idea in relation to the Missouri
Compromise?
It invalidated it!
Slave states sent people into the territory to
vote. So did the free states.
Bloody fights and riots broke out between
the ‘free soilers’ and the ‘proslavers’.
Kansas was not granted statehood by
congress. They would not get this until
1861. They would become a slave state.
Dred Scott
• Who is Dred Scott?
• What happened?
• What was the outcome of the
case?
• He was a slave who traveled with his
owner from Missouri to Illinois.
• When Scott and his master returned to
Missouri, Scott filed a lawsuit saying
that since he had traveled to a free state,
he was free.
• The Supreme Court ruled that since
Scott is a slave, he is property, not a
person, therefore, he is not a citizen-He
cannot sue.
Election of 1860 and Alexander
Stephens
• The Confederate States of America: South Carolina led the way out of the Union on
December 20, 1860, and by March 1861, six more states, outraged over Lincoln's election to
the presidency and emboldened by South Carolina's example, also seceded: Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. After the bombardment of Fort Sumter and
Lincoln's call for troops to put down the rebellion in April, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and
North Carolina followed suit, bringing the number of states in the new Confederacy to
eleven.
Georgia Platform
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Georgia passed a platform that agreed with
California being added as a free state.
Georgia wanted to show that they were
pro-Union and against secession.
The platform did mention that stopping the
spread of slavery in new states was not fair
to the south and had to stop.
Election of 1860
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The Republicans were a new political party
whose platform was to stop the SPREAD
of slavery.
Southerners did not like this and identified
more with the Democrats.
Most southern states claimed that if
Lincoln won the election, they would
secede, or pull out of the Union to form
their own country.
They did. That new nation was called the
Confederate States of America, a.k.a CSA,
a.k.a. the Confederacy.
Alexander Stephens
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Elected to the General Assembly in
1836
Spoke out against Georgia seceding
from the Union.
His fellow law makers criticized him
for this.
He eventually became the vice
president of the CSA in
After the war, he was imprisoned for
5 months in Boston.
He was later elected to U.S. Senate,
Georgia House of Reps, and Georgia
Governor.
CSA
President-Jefferson Davis
Vice President-Alexander
Stephens
Debate over secession in Ga
Debate in 1861….
• GA General Assembly debate if the state should join
the other southern states and break away from the
union.
• Strong supporters for both sides, but GA does seceded
the Union and was part of Confederacy from 18611865.
Antietam (Sharpsburg)
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What or where is Antietam?
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The Battle of Antietam took place in
Maryland on Sept. 17, 1862.
This was the Confederacy’s first attempt
to invade northern territory.
Over 22,000 men were killed.
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http://www.nps.gov/ancm/index.htm
12,401 Union
10, 318 Confederate
General Robert E. Lee led the
Confederate army.
George B. McClellan led the Union
Army.
Antietam is the bloodiest 1-day battle.
General Lee’s failure to bring the war
north gave Lincoln the opportunity to
issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
September 22, 1862
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Five days after Antietam, Lincoln
issues the proclamation.
Proclamation demanded that the CSA
surrender to the Union by January 1st
of 1863. If they did not, all slaves
would be freed.
This basically said if the CSA
surrendered, they could keep slavery.
If they did not, slavery would be
abolished.
CSA refused to surrender and rejoin
the Union.
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http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/film/vid
eo.html
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http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/pro
clamation.html
"That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as
slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people
whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall
be then, thenceforward, and forever free…”
According to the map, what does this mean?
Hint: All states that are shaded are slave holding states. The states that are in
red are part of the CSA.
Battle of Chickamauga
Battle of Chickamauga
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What was the Battle of Chickamauga?
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Biggest battle fought in Georgia
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When did it occur and why was it so
important?
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What happened?
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What was the outcome?
September 19, 1863, Union troops moved just
south of Chattanooga. This was a major rail
junction and served as a gateway to the deep
south. Lasted for three days.
Confederates, led by Braxton Bragg, caused the
Union troops, led by William Rosecrans, to
retreat. The chose not to follow up on the
fleeing Union troops.
Two months later, Ulysses Grant came and
captured Chattanooga. Confederate troops
retreated just south of Dalton, GA
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Union Blockade of the Georgia Coast
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What is a blockade?
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How did the Union use the blockade
against the CSA?
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When ships are strategically placed
along the coast to hinder export and
import efforts. How does this hurt
the Confederacy?
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Union vessels patrolled the southern
coast and ran off any ships trying to
get in or out of the south.
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Private ships that were willing to take
risk. They sped and slipped through
gaps in the blockade vessel line.
What are blockade runners?
Andersonville
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What was Andersonville?
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What was the purpose of this prison?
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Andersonville was a Confederate
prison.
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When Union soldiers were captured,
they were sent to prisons as POWs.
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The prisons were very dirty and
unsanitary.
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Lack of clean water, food, and
medical supplies led to untold
numbers of death while imprisoned.
Andersonville operated for 13
months. Almost 13,000 Union
soldiers died in Andersonville prison
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William T. Sherman
Union General
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What was Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign?
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What was the March to the Sea?
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http://quantumtour.com/entity/mcallister/video/1/
Sherman led the Union army into North
Georgia.
Was engaged in battle with Confederate
troops for one month.
Confederate’s fled toward Atlanta and
finally evacuated Atlanta.
Sherman’s army took control of the
railroads and factories. They set fire to
Atlanta on November 15, 1864. His army
ripped up railroad tracks and tied them
around trees-Sherman’s neckties
Sherman’s army march south from ATL to
Savannah burning everything.
This march took 2 months.
Sherman did not burn Savannah but gave
it to Lincoln as a Christmas present.
The South after
the Civil War
http://p.rhap.com/Tra.11643619
USII.3a, b, c
South in Ruins
Much of the South was in ruins at the end of the Civil War.
Confederate money was worthless, and most Confederate banks
were closed. Entire cities had been burned. Many railroads,
bridges, plantations, and farms had been destroyed. The years
following the war were hard ones for all Southerners. For the
more than 4 million former enslaved African Americans living
there, however, these years also brought new hope.
Freedmen’s Bureau
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What was the purpose of the Freedman’s
Bureau?
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Before the war ended, in March
1865, U.S. Congress set up the
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands—the Freedmen’s
Bureau.
It helped all needy people in the
South, although freedmen—men,
women, and children who had been
slaves—were its main focus.
Freedmen’s Bureau
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What did the Bureau provide?
What was the primary need they
focused on?
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Many former slaves were wandering
through the country looking for a way
to start a new life.
The Freedmen’s Bureau gave these
people the food and supplies they
needed. It also helped some white
farmers rebuild their farms.
The most important work of the
Freedmen’s Bureau was education.
Newly freed African Americans were
eager to learn to read and write.
Freedmen’s Bureau built more than
4,000 schools and hired thousands of
teachers.
Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for
millions of former slaves and poor whites.
A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th
Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U.
S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)
Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau also
wanted to help former slaves earn
a living by providing them with land
to farm. Unfortunately this plan
didn’t work. The land was to come
from the plantations taken or
abandoned during the war, but the
U.S. government decided to give
those plantations back to their
original owners. In the end most
former slaves were not given any
land. Without the money to buy
land of their own, they had to find
work where they could.
Freedmen at Richmond, Virginia, April 1865. At the
end of the Civil War, the future of African Americans
such as these was less than clear. They had their
freedom, but what else did they have? The answer to
this question was to preoccupy the nation for the next
several years and, in the end, was to prove less than
satisfactory to the freedmen.
Some Radical Republicans wanted to give each freedman “40 acres and
a mule”. However, all the freedmen were given was their freedom.
USII.3a
Sharecropping & Tenant Farming
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Many formers slaves ended up going back to work on
plantations.
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Planters welcomed them because their fields needed to be
plowed and crops planted.
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Now the planters had to pay the former slaves for their work.
What is sharecropping?
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Because there was not much money, many landowners paid
workers in shares of crops rather than in cash. This system was
known as sharecropping.
Sharecropping & Tenant Farming
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How did it work?
A landowner gave a worker a cabin, mules, tools, and seed.
The sharecropper then farmed the land.
At harvest, the landowner took a share of the crops plus
enough extra to cover the cost of the worker’s housing and
supplies. What was left was the worker’s share.
Tenant farming is similar except the tenants owned their own
equipment. They usually made more of a profit.
USII.3a, b, c
Freedmen’s Bureau
Sharecropping gave owners the help they needed to work
their fields while giving the former slaves work for pay. Sadly, few
people got ahead through sharecropping. When crops failed,
both the landowner and sharecropper suffered. Even in good
times, most workers’ shares were very little, if anything at all.
USII.3a, b, c
Furnishing Merchant
Tenant Farmer
 Loans tools and seed  Plants crop,
up to 60% interest
harvests in
to tenant farmer to
autumn.
plant spring crop.
 Turns over up to ½
 Farmer also secures
of crop to land
food, clothing, and
owner as payment
other necessities on
of rent.
credit from
merchant until the
 Tenant gives
harvest.
remainder of crop
to merchant in
 Merchant holds
payment of debt.
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
USII.3a
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Who were the carpetbaggers?
After
the
Civil
War,
Southerners resented northerners
who took advantage of the South
during Reconstruction. What did
many Southerners call these
Northerners. They called them
carpetbaggers
because
they
carried around carpetbags. A
carpetbag is a bag usually made
from an oriental rug.
USII.3a
Carpetbaggers
To rebuild bridges, buildings, and
railroads, the South’s Reconstruction
governments had to increase taxes. White
Southerners blamed the higher taxes on
African American state legislators and on
other state government leaders they called
carpetbaggers.
Carpetbaggers were people from the
North who moved to the South to take part
in Reconstruction governments. They were
called carpetbaggers because many of
them carried their belongings in suitcases
made of carpet. Some of them truly
wanted to help, but others were looking for
a chance for personal gain.
USII.3a, b, c
Carpetbaggers - Northerners that moved to the South during Reconstruction looking for wealth,
land, or to help the freedmen.
A Thomas Nast cartoon from 1872 makes
fun of a Northern politician. It shows him as
a carpetbagger, or a Northerner who moved
to the South with only what he could carry in
a small bag. It is a caricature of Carl Schurz
carrying bags that are labeled, "carpet bag
from Wisconsin to Missouri" and "carpet
bagger South." Nast criticized Schurz for his
sympathetic policies relating to the
treatment of ex-Confederates.
USII.3a, b, c
USII.3a, b, c
Carpetbaggers
To rebuild bridges, buildings,
and
railroads,
the
South’s
Reconstruction governments had to
increase taxes. White Southerners
blamed the higher taxes on African
American state legislators and on
other state government leaders they
called carpetbaggers.
Carpetbaggers were people
from the North who moved to the
South to take part in Reconstruction
governments.
They were called
carpetbaggers because many of them
carried their belongings in suitcases
made of carpet. Some of them truly
wanted to help, but others were
looking for a chance for personal gain.
Big Ideas
• Carpetbaggers
USII.3a, b, c
– Came from North to take
part in Reconstruction
governments
– Resented by Southerners
– Took advantage of South
USII.3a
A Changing Society
Many white Southerners did not want their way of
life to change. Burdened by heavy taxes and a changing
society, they began to organize to regain their authority.
One way to do this was to control the way people voted.
USII.3a, b, c
Limits on Voting
Over
time,
white
Southerners once again took
control of their state governments
and society. Despite the Fifteenth
Amendment, new state laws were
passed that made it very difficult,
if not impossible, for African
Americans to vote.
African
Americans were also required to
go to separate schools and
churches and to sit in separate
railroad cars. These laws led to
segregation, or the practice of
people in separate groups based
on their race or culture.
USII.3a, b, c
Limits on Voting
Over time, white Southerners
once again took control of their state
governments and society. Despite
the Fifteenth Amendment, new state
laws were passed that made it very
difficult, if not impossible, for African
Americans to vote.
African
Americans were also required to go
to separate schools and churches and
to sit in separate railroad cars. These
laws led to segregation, or the
practice of people in separate groups
based on their race or culture.
Big Ideas
• Southern states pass laws
to prevent African
Americans from voting.
USII.3a, b, c
Reconstruction Ends!
Reconstruction ended with the
election of 1876. In 1877 the last of the
Union troops left the South.
African
Americans in the South were once again
being denied the rights and freedoms that
that they had won following the war. By
1900 most African Americans were not
allowed to vote, and few held public office.
USII.3a, b, c
Reconstruction Ends!
Reconstruction
ended
with the election of 1876. In
1877 the last of the Union
troops left the South. African
Americans in the South were
once again being denied the
rights and freedoms that that
they had won following the war.
By
1900
most
African
Americans were not allowed to
vote, and few held public office.
Big Ideas
• Reconstruction ends
with Election of 1876
USII.3a, b, c
– Federal troops leave
South
– Black Codes restrict
African American rights
USII.3a, b, c