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Warm up Individual work, no talking, 5 mins to complete!! • Put information in Notebook. • Think about a rule in your house that you would like to change and make a list of at least three rules. • Then write 1-2 sentences about each of your three rules explaining how you would convince your parents to change or get rid of the rule. Civil War: a war bw 2 or more different groups or states within a single nation. • Abolitionist: ppl against slavery and call for it to end • The gap bw the north and the south widened every time the us gained more territory • Georgia was a slave state, wanted slavery to expand and was distrustful of the abolitionist movement taking place in the North. Cause #1: States’ Rights • • What is states’ rights? What does this mean? • political powers reserved for the U.S. state governments rather than the federal government • The Tenth Amendment states the Constitution's principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the States by the Constitution are reserved to the States or the people. • What is secession? • to formally withdraw membership in an organization or political group Cause #2: Nullification • What is nullification? • How does this relate to the civil war? • legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law that a state has deemed unconstitutional. • Nullification crisis in 1830 was the dispute over tariffs (tax on imports or exports) • South Carolina chose to nullify federal tariffs placed by President Andrew Jackson. Slavery • Read excerpts from Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. • Groups of 3 • Discuss reading with your group members • Answer questions on your own paper. ONLY 1 person from each group needs to write down the answers. Put all group members names on sheet. Acts and Compromises • The issue of slavery along w/ the concept of State’s rights left a huge rift on the country. • US Congress tried to close the wound w/ compromises and acts that acted as band-aids. • Acts and compromises kept the country together for a short time, as Abraham Lincoln said, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Missouri Compromise • • • • • • By 1820, there were 22 states, 11 free and 11 slave. This meant that there were an equal number of senators for each state. The number of reps in the House is determined by population. The free states had more reps in the House than the slave states. Missouri applied for statehood in 1820. The equal balance in the senate would be tipped. Congress came up with the Missouri Compromise to appease both sides 1. Missouri would be added as a slave state. 2. Maine would be added as a free state 3. No more states north of Missouri’s southern border would be added as slave states. This would ensure that the balance of power remains equal. Compromise of 1850 • What was the compromise of 1850? • What is the Georgia Platform in relation to • the Compromise of 1850? 1. Slave trading would end in D.C. however people in D.C. could still own slaves. 2. The Fugitive Slave Act was passed-This meant that any slave who ran away to a free state would be returned to their owners in the south. California applied for statehood in 1850. • California applied as a free state bc their constitution did not allow slavery. This would upset the balance of power in the senate. To HELP remember the 2 compromises: the “M” compromise (Missouri and Maine) for the Missouri Compromise and the “C” compromise (California) for the Compromise of 1850. Kansas-Nebraska Act • • • • • • • • 1854 Kansas and Nebraska were considered territories. The idea of Popular Sovereignty was introduced. This means that when a state applies for statehood, the people of that state would vote if they want to be a free state or slave state. Based on the map I gave you, what is wrong with this idea in relation to the Missouri Compromise? It invalidated it! Slave states sent people into the territory to vote. So did the free states. Bloody fights and riots broke out between the ‘free soilers’ and the ‘proslavers’. Kansas was not granted statehood by congress. They would not get this until 1861. They would become a slave state. Dred Scott • Who is Dred Scott? • What happened? • What was the outcome of the case? • He was a slave who traveled with his owner from Missouri to Illinois. • When Scott and his master returned to Missouri, Scott filed a lawsuit saying that since he had traveled to a free state, he was free. • The Supreme Court ruled that since Scott is a slave, he is property, not a person, therefore, he is not a citizen-He cannot sue. Election of 1860 and Alexander Stephens • The Confederate States of America: South Carolina led the way out of the Union on December 20, 1860, and by March 1861, six more states, outraged over Lincoln's election to the presidency and emboldened by South Carolina's example, also seceded: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. After the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for troops to put down the rebellion in April, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed suit, bringing the number of states in the new Confederacy to eleven. Georgia Platform • • • Georgia passed a platform that agreed with California being added as a free state. Georgia wanted to show that they were pro-Union and against secession. The platform did mention that stopping the spread of slavery in new states was not fair to the south and had to stop. Election of 1860 • • • • The Republicans were a new political party whose platform was to stop the SPREAD of slavery. Southerners did not like this and identified more with the Democrats. Most southern states claimed that if Lincoln won the election, they would secede, or pull out of the Union to form their own country. They did. That new nation was called the Confederate States of America, a.k.a CSA, a.k.a. the Confederacy. Alexander Stephens • • • • • • Elected to the General Assembly in 1836 Spoke out against Georgia seceding from the Union. His fellow law makers criticized him for this. He eventually became the vice president of the CSA in After the war, he was imprisoned for 5 months in Boston. He was later elected to U.S. Senate, Georgia House of Reps, and Georgia Governor. CSA President-Jefferson Davis Vice President-Alexander Stephens Debate over secession in Ga Debate in 1861…. • GA General Assembly debate if the state should join the other southern states and break away from the union. • Strong supporters for both sides, but GA does seceded the Union and was part of Confederacy from 18611865. Antietam (Sharpsburg) • What or where is Antietam? • • • The Battle of Antietam took place in Maryland on Sept. 17, 1862. This was the Confederacy’s first attempt to invade northern territory. Over 22,000 men were killed. – – • • • • http://www.nps.gov/ancm/index.htm 12,401 Union 10, 318 Confederate General Robert E. Lee led the Confederate army. George B. McClellan led the Union Army. Antietam is the bloodiest 1-day battle. General Lee’s failure to bring the war north gave Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 • • • • Five days after Antietam, Lincoln issues the proclamation. Proclamation demanded that the CSA surrender to the Union by January 1st of 1863. If they did not, all slaves would be freed. This basically said if the CSA surrendered, they could keep slavery. If they did not, slavery would be abolished. CSA refused to surrender and rejoin the Union. • http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/film/vid eo.html • http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/pro clamation.html "That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free…” According to the map, what does this mean? Hint: All states that are shaded are slave holding states. The states that are in red are part of the CSA. Battle of Chickamauga Battle of Chickamauga • What was the Battle of Chickamauga? • Biggest battle fought in Georgia • When did it occur and why was it so important? • • What happened? • What was the outcome? September 19, 1863, Union troops moved just south of Chattanooga. This was a major rail junction and served as a gateway to the deep south. Lasted for three days. Confederates, led by Braxton Bragg, caused the Union troops, led by William Rosecrans, to retreat. The chose not to follow up on the fleeing Union troops. Two months later, Ulysses Grant came and captured Chattanooga. Confederate troops retreated just south of Dalton, GA • • Union Blockade of the Georgia Coast • What is a blockade? • How did the Union use the blockade against the CSA? • • When ships are strategically placed along the coast to hinder export and import efforts. How does this hurt the Confederacy? • Union vessels patrolled the southern coast and ran off any ships trying to get in or out of the south. • Private ships that were willing to take risk. They sped and slipped through gaps in the blockade vessel line. What are blockade runners? Andersonville • What was Andersonville? • What was the purpose of this prison? • Andersonville was a Confederate prison. • When Union soldiers were captured, they were sent to prisons as POWs. • The prisons were very dirty and unsanitary. • Lack of clean water, food, and medical supplies led to untold numbers of death while imprisoned. Andersonville operated for 13 months. Almost 13,000 Union soldiers died in Andersonville prison • William T. Sherman Union General • • • • What was Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign? • What was the March to the Sea? • • • • • http://quantumtour.com/entity/mcallister/video/1/ Sherman led the Union army into North Georgia. Was engaged in battle with Confederate troops for one month. Confederate’s fled toward Atlanta and finally evacuated Atlanta. Sherman’s army took control of the railroads and factories. They set fire to Atlanta on November 15, 1864. His army ripped up railroad tracks and tied them around trees-Sherman’s neckties Sherman’s army march south from ATL to Savannah burning everything. This march took 2 months. Sherman did not burn Savannah but gave it to Lincoln as a Christmas present. The South after the Civil War http://p.rhap.com/Tra.11643619 USII.3a, b, c South in Ruins Much of the South was in ruins at the end of the Civil War. Confederate money was worthless, and most Confederate banks were closed. Entire cities had been burned. Many railroads, bridges, plantations, and farms had been destroyed. The years following the war were hard ones for all Southerners. For the more than 4 million former enslaved African Americans living there, however, these years also brought new hope. Freedmen’s Bureau • • What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau? • Before the war ended, in March 1865, U.S. Congress set up the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands—the Freedmen’s Bureau. It helped all needy people in the South, although freedmen—men, women, and children who had been slaves—were its main focus. Freedmen’s Bureau • • What did the Bureau provide? What was the primary need they focused on? • • • • Many former slaves were wandering through the country looking for a way to start a new life. The Freedmen’s Bureau gave these people the food and supplies they needed. It also helped some white farmers rebuild their farms. The most important work of the Freedmen’s Bureau was education. Newly freed African Americans were eager to learn to read and write. Freedmen’s Bureau built more than 4,000 schools and hired thousands of teachers. Freedmen’s Bureau The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites. A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA) Freedmen’s Bureau The Freedmen’s Bureau also wanted to help former slaves earn a living by providing them with land to farm. Unfortunately this plan didn’t work. The land was to come from the plantations taken or abandoned during the war, but the U.S. government decided to give those plantations back to their original owners. In the end most former slaves were not given any land. Without the money to buy land of their own, they had to find work where they could. Freedmen at Richmond, Virginia, April 1865. At the end of the Civil War, the future of African Americans such as these was less than clear. They had their freedom, but what else did they have? The answer to this question was to preoccupy the nation for the next several years and, in the end, was to prove less than satisfactory to the freedmen. Some Radical Republicans wanted to give each freedman “40 acres and a mule”. However, all the freedmen were given was their freedom. USII.3a Sharecropping & Tenant Farming • Many formers slaves ended up going back to work on plantations. • Planters welcomed them because their fields needed to be plowed and crops planted. • • Now the planters had to pay the former slaves for their work. What is sharecropping? • Because there was not much money, many landowners paid workers in shares of crops rather than in cash. This system was known as sharecropping. Sharecropping & Tenant Farming 1. • • • • How did it work? A landowner gave a worker a cabin, mules, tools, and seed. The sharecropper then farmed the land. At harvest, the landowner took a share of the crops plus enough extra to cover the cost of the worker’s housing and supplies. What was left was the worker’s share. Tenant farming is similar except the tenants owned their own equipment. They usually made more of a profit. USII.3a, b, c Freedmen’s Bureau Sharecropping gave owners the help they needed to work their fields while giving the former slaves work for pay. Sadly, few people got ahead through sharecropping. When crops failed, both the landowner and sharecropper suffered. Even in good times, most workers’ shares were very little, if anything at all. USII.3a, b, c Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Loans tools and seed Plants crop, up to 60% interest harvests in to tenant farmer to autumn. plant spring crop. Turns over up to ½ Farmer also secures of crop to land food, clothing, and owner as payment other necessities on of rent. credit from merchant until the Tenant gives harvest. remainder of crop to merchant in Merchant holds payment of debt. “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. USII.3a Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. Who were the carpetbaggers? After the Civil War, Southerners resented northerners who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction. What did many Southerners call these Northerners. They called them carpetbaggers because they carried around carpetbags. A carpetbag is a bag usually made from an oriental rug. USII.3a Carpetbaggers To rebuild bridges, buildings, and railroads, the South’s Reconstruction governments had to increase taxes. White Southerners blamed the higher taxes on African American state legislators and on other state government leaders they called carpetbaggers. Carpetbaggers were people from the North who moved to the South to take part in Reconstruction governments. They were called carpetbaggers because many of them carried their belongings in suitcases made of carpet. Some of them truly wanted to help, but others were looking for a chance for personal gain. USII.3a, b, c Carpetbaggers - Northerners that moved to the South during Reconstruction looking for wealth, land, or to help the freedmen. A Thomas Nast cartoon from 1872 makes fun of a Northern politician. It shows him as a carpetbagger, or a Northerner who moved to the South with only what he could carry in a small bag. It is a caricature of Carl Schurz carrying bags that are labeled, "carpet bag from Wisconsin to Missouri" and "carpet bagger South." Nast criticized Schurz for his sympathetic policies relating to the treatment of ex-Confederates. USII.3a, b, c USII.3a, b, c Carpetbaggers To rebuild bridges, buildings, and railroads, the South’s Reconstruction governments had to increase taxes. White Southerners blamed the higher taxes on African American state legislators and on other state government leaders they called carpetbaggers. Carpetbaggers were people from the North who moved to the South to take part in Reconstruction governments. They were called carpetbaggers because many of them carried their belongings in suitcases made of carpet. Some of them truly wanted to help, but others were looking for a chance for personal gain. Big Ideas • Carpetbaggers USII.3a, b, c – Came from North to take part in Reconstruction governments – Resented by Southerners – Took advantage of South USII.3a A Changing Society Many white Southerners did not want their way of life to change. Burdened by heavy taxes and a changing society, they began to organize to regain their authority. One way to do this was to control the way people voted. USII.3a, b, c Limits on Voting Over time, white Southerners once again took control of their state governments and society. Despite the Fifteenth Amendment, new state laws were passed that made it very difficult, if not impossible, for African Americans to vote. African Americans were also required to go to separate schools and churches and to sit in separate railroad cars. These laws led to segregation, or the practice of people in separate groups based on their race or culture. USII.3a, b, c Limits on Voting Over time, white Southerners once again took control of their state governments and society. Despite the Fifteenth Amendment, new state laws were passed that made it very difficult, if not impossible, for African Americans to vote. African Americans were also required to go to separate schools and churches and to sit in separate railroad cars. These laws led to segregation, or the practice of people in separate groups based on their race or culture. Big Ideas • Southern states pass laws to prevent African Americans from voting. USII.3a, b, c Reconstruction Ends! Reconstruction ended with the election of 1876. In 1877 the last of the Union troops left the South. African Americans in the South were once again being denied the rights and freedoms that that they had won following the war. By 1900 most African Americans were not allowed to vote, and few held public office. USII.3a, b, c Reconstruction Ends! Reconstruction ended with the election of 1876. In 1877 the last of the Union troops left the South. African Americans in the South were once again being denied the rights and freedoms that that they had won following the war. By 1900 most African Americans were not allowed to vote, and few held public office. Big Ideas • Reconstruction ends with Election of 1876 USII.3a, b, c – Federal troops leave South – Black Codes restrict African American rights USII.3a, b, c