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Transcript
Chpt. 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymers (many parts) constructed of Monomers Connecting Monomers- Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction joining monomers loss of water molecule Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction joining monomers loss of water molecule Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction this takes energy (reaction occurs b/c of enzymes) Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule HydrolysisBreaking apart polymers Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule HydrolysisBreaking apart polymers Breaking apart polymer Hydrolysis(break w/ water) Adding water molecule Adding water molecule HydrolysisBreaking apart polymers Breaking apart polymer Hydrolysis(break w/ water) Adding water molecule Adding water molecule HydrolysisBreaking apart polymers Breaking apart polymer Hydrolysis(break w/ water) Adding water molecule Adding water molecule HydrolysisBreaking apart polymers Breaking apart polymer Hydrolysis(break w/ water) Adding water molecule Adding water molecule Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids CarbohydratesFunction = fuel Structure = 3 types: Carbohydrates- structure: QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1) Monosaccharides Single Sugar molecule = structure Monosaccharides fuel for cellular use = function ex. glucose Monosaccharides Single Sugar Fuel for cellular function BTW: form rings in aqueous solution Monosaccharides Multiple of CH2O ex. C6 H12 O6 Monosaccharides - ALDOSE - C=O-H from end KETOSE- C=O off middle 2) Disaccharides 2) Disaccharides two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis) 2) Disaccharides two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis) 2) Disaccharides 3) Polysaccharides many monomers = structure Polysaccharides Functions: •energy storage starch (plant) glycogen (animal) Polysaccharides Functions: Structural/ support polysaccharides = cellulose chitin Do you see the difference? Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids LipidsTypes: Fats Phospholipid Steriods QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why are these molecules hydrophobic ??????????????????? Lipids- (hydrophobic) 1) Fats - functions: -energy storage -insulation / cushion Fats- structure 3 Glycerol (alcohol) + Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic •Energy storage •Cushion Fats- structure 3 Glycerol (alcohol) +3 fatty acid chains Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic •Energy storage •Cushion Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids1 Glycerol (alcohol) + Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group Types of Lipids: Phospholipids•Phosphate group = hydrophilic Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Cell membrane Hydrophilic head WATER WATER Hydrophobic tails Types of Lipids: 3) Steroids C-skeleton = 4 fused rings + functional group cholesterol, sex hormones, sheath of neurons Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Amino Acids H amino group C R carboxyl 20 types ProteinsStructure = one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids Proteinsone or more polypeptidespolymer of amino acids Amino Acids H amino group C Determined by various side R chains carboxyl 20 types Amino Acids Evolutionary Significance All living things use various combinations of the SAME twenty amino acids. A VERY POWERFUL bit of evidence for the connection of all living things! Proteinsfunctions = support, storage, signaling, transport of substances, signaling, enzymes. Proteins- 4 levels of structure 1) Primary- precise, linear sequence of amino acids. amino - - carboxyl group group Sequence of a.a. determines HOW the protein works Form follows function Nonpolar Glycine (Gly) Methionine (Met) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val) Phenylalanine (Phe) Leucine (Leu) Tryptophan (Trp) Isoleucine (Ile) Proline (Pro) Polar Serine (Ser) Threonine (Thr) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr) Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln) Acidic Basic Electrically charged Aspartic acid (Asp) Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys) Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His) Proteins: 4 levels of structure 2) Secondary- folded portions of chain/H-bonds -Alpha helix (coil) -Beta helix (pleated sheet) Abdominal glands of the spider secrete silk fibers that form the web. The radiating strands, made of dry silk fibers, maintain the shape of the web. The spiral strands (capture strands) are elastic, stretching in response to wind, rain, and the touch of insects. Spider silk: a structural protein Containing b pleated sheets Proteins- 4 levels of structure 3) Tertiary- -3-D -bonding between side chains (3 types) Proteins- 4 levels of structure 4) Quaternary-several polypeptide chains insulin Catalase - we will use this in our lab! Red bloodRed Normal cells are blood cell shape full of individual cell shape hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood Red blood Fibers of abnormal cell shape cell shape hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. POINT! Sickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin Primary structure Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Secondary and tertiary structures b subunit Quaternary Normal hemoglobin structure (top view) Function Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Quaternary structure Function Exposed hydrophobic region Sickle-cell hemoglobin Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced. b subunit QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Nucleic AcidsDNA RNA Programs ALL cellular function Nucleic AcidsComposed of: nitrogenous base, 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group = NUCLEOTIDE Nitrogenous Bases- Pyrimidines- (T,C, U) Purines-(A,G) bases are complementary:
