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CHEMISTRY IN MEDICINE AND NUTRITION JULIA SHARIFF, MATT CHEANEY, IORI SANADA, REBECCA STEWART, LOGAN MURRAY, AND XIAOLING WU Acids in the Body and Food Acids in the Body Acids in Food Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C₆H₈O₆) ◦ Stomach acid, used in digestion ◦ Repairs tissue, ligaments, tendons, etc. ◦ pH of 2 ◦ Creation of collagen ◦ Kills harmful bacteria ◦ Blocks damage from free radicals Lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃) ◦ Found in oranges, watermelon, kiwi, ◦ Found in dairy products as well as in berries, and other vegetables the body Citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) ◦ Produced in body during exercise and metabolism ◦ Plays a role in metabolism (citric acid cycle) Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) ◦ Found in many fruits and vegetables ◦ Controls acidity in the body (buffer) The PH of a base solution is higher than 7 A strong base is a base which breaks down completely (raises pH to 14) An alkali is a special example of a base, where in an aqueous environment, hydroxide ions are donated Bases are bitter in taste Slimy or soapy feel on fingers Baking soda, antacids, and lye all contain bases Used more in industry Human Body PH about 7.4 Three important ways to regulate PH are chemical buffer, the respiratory system, the urinary system The most important chemical buffer is Bicarbonate (HCO3). HCO3 + H = H20 + CO2 DIGESTION: BREAKDOWN BY DIGESTIVE PATHWAY -CHEMICAL PROCESS -CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AND FATS Mouth Starch hydrolysis: breaks down carbohydrates using the enzyme salivary amylase Stomach Main acid used for digestion is HCl (hydrochloric acid used for digestion of proteins) Converts pepsinogen into pepsin (used for digestion of proteins) Stomach is protected by alkaline mucus H₂O + CO₂ H₂CO₃ Intestines Small intestine Chyme (acidic mixture of partially digested food) meets alkaline pancreatic juice and bile Fat-splitting enzymes (lipases) digest fats Large intestine Largely where water is absorbed EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN DIGESTION Oxidation of glucose (after digested into monosaccharide) Digestion of proteins CHEMICAL REACTIONS (CON.) Reaction of glycerol End product of nitrogen metabolism ◦ Ammonia, must be removed from the body ◦ Converts it from ammonia to urea ◦ Occurs in liver and is then transported to kidneys 2 Ammonia + carbon dioxide + 3ATP ---> urea + water + 3 ADP Any block in the urea cycle is harmful to the human body Extensive ammonia leads to liver damages and death Hyperammonemia can lead to mental retardation Nitrogen Fourth most abundant element in the body 2.5% of the weight in the body Constitutes a part of proteins Form skeleton of each cell If too much nitrogen is present it will be broken down into ammonia Not enough will lead to no synthesis of amino acids Found in any kind of meat Second most abundant element in the body 85% found in bones and teeth Works with calcium for bone structure Provides phosphate for ATP Filters out waste in kidneys Needed for maintenance, growth, and repair for cells Helps balance other vitamins and minerals Can be found in meat and milk, anything that delivers calcium and protein will have phosphorus Carbon Makes up the structure of our bodies Connects and builds different elements together 18% mass of the human body Carbon is found in almost all foods • Supports cellular respiration, metabolism • Breathing, diffusion with the blood (heme groups and hemoglobin) • “electron acceptor” in mitochondria, generates chemical energy • Many enzymes will use oxygen to catalyze their reactions (oxidation reactions) • Burns (oxidizes) food to create energy for our bodies • 65% mass of the human body Oxygen • The most abundant mineral in human body • 99% of Calcium is found in bones and teeth • 1% of Calcium help heart, nerve, muscles to work • Help youth to grow • Help older people to prevent losing their bones How do we get Calcium? • Daily products such as eggs, milk, cheese • Green Vegetables such as broccoli, spinach • Other food – nuts, bread, rice, cereals, sesame seeds • From Supplements • People who are 19-50 should take 1000mg per day • Taking too much Calcium could cause stomach upset, nausea, constipation What is Hydrogen? • The most abundant element in the universe, makes up about 90% of all atoms • The lightest and smallest element, travel throughout the body • Water is made up of two-thirds hydrogen atoms and one-third oxygen atom • Over 60% of human body is water • Hydrogen ions are transported to the mitochondria of the cells which uses hydrogen to create ATP • Slows down the aging process Hydrogen Trivia! How do we get Hydrogen? • Mostly from water • Deuterium – one in every 6000 hydrogen atoms has a neutron as well as a proton in its nucleus • Tritium – Very rare hydrogen atoms have two neutrons as well as the proton * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/calcium-000290.htm http://cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org/coping-with-cancer/copingphysically/calcium/your-body-and-calcium http://www.livestrong.com/article/28599-hydrogen-used-body/ http://www.houseandhome.org/tag/hydrogen-trivia http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/science/mod2_aei/fig12.gif http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/digestive-physiology-and-food-combining/thechemistry-and-physiology-of-digestion.html http://tuberose.com/Digestion.html http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/qfisio/digestion.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry http://www.oxygen-review.com/human-body.html http://www.mii.org/periodic/lifeelement.html http://www.chemicool.com/elements/nitrogen.html http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/633ureacycle.html http://medschool.umaryland.edu http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-2/Acids-andBases-Real-life-applications.html http://www.mikalac.com/tech/met/org.html http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm#adipic http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/vitamin-c-000339.htm