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Transcript
Classification Taxonomy Science of classifying living things Reasons for classification 1. 2. 3. 4. Organizes information Helps to identify unknown organisms Organisms with similar characteristics belong to similar groups Shows relationships among organisms Carolus Linneaus Founder of modern taxonomy Classified organisms based on physical characteristics Developed binomial nomenclature system Binomial nomenclature Organisms given two-part scientific name Genus – group of related species, written first, capitalized species - written after genus, lower case Examples: Homo sapiens and Canis familiaris Homo (genus) sapiens (species) Criteria for classification Physical appearance (Symmetry) Asymmetrical Irregular shape (Ex: sponge) Bilateral symmetry Right and left halves look alike Dividing down middle forms equal sides (Ex: bird, human, insect) Radial symmetry Parts radiate out from center (circle shape) Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Posterior end Dorsal side Anterior end Ventral side Plane of symmetry Planes of symmetry Biochemistry Chromosome structure and Blood proteins Embryology Evolutionary history Breeding behavior Geographical distribution Evolutionary tree (cladogram) Shows evolutionary history Shows relationships among different species Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram Appendages Crab Crab Conical Shells Barnacle Barnacle Limpet Limpet Crustaceans Gastropod Barnacle Barnacle Crab Crab Limpet Limpet Molted Molted exoskeleton exoskeleton Segmentation Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES CLADOGRAM Classification levels The more levels organisms share, the more closely related those organisms are Kingdom (broadest, most inclusive, largest level) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (smallest, most closely related group) Classification of Representative Mammals Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Cetacea Carnivora Carnivora Family Mysticeti Mustelidae Felidae Genus Balenopora Mustela Felis Species B. physalus M. furo F. catus Common Name Blue Whale Ferret Domestic cat Figure 18-5 Classification of Ursus arctos Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Coral Sea star Abert squirrel snake KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos 5 Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia The Five Kingdoms of Living Things Viruses Not classified in the six kingdoms Nonliving Piece of nucleic acid covered by protein coat (capsid). Capsid Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Tail Introduction to Viruses Viral Replication Lytic cycle Virus attaches to host cell Virus injects nucleic acid into cell. Cell makes new viral nucleic acids and capsids Viral nucleic acids and capsids combine New viruses burst out of host cell, killing it Active stage of virus Organism shows signs of virus Lytic Cycle Lysogenic cycle Does not kill host cell Viral nucleic acid becomes part of the host cell’s chromosome and forms provirus Provirus can be activated to enter lytic cycle at any time Examples: shingles, HIV, herpes, influenza (flu), smallpox Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Bacteria are classified into the kingdoms of Eubacteria Archaebacteria include a variety of lifestyles such as Living in soil Infecting large organisms live in harsh environments such as Thick mud Animal digestive tracts Salty lakes Hot springs KINGDOM MONERA Bacteria Prokaryotes No nucleus or membrane bound organelles Shapes – Spheres rods spirals Asexual Reproduction by Binary Fission Copies chromosome (DNA) Chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell Cell splits in half Results in two genetically identical cells Sexual Reproduction by Conjugation Cells connect and transfer chromosomes (genetic material) Bacteria with new genetic composition formed Creates variation among bacteria Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Produces ATP and CO2 Anaerobic Respiration Does not require oxygen Produces ATP and CO2 plus lactic acid or alcohol Makes less ATP than aerobic respiration Helpful bacteria Nitrogen fixing: N2 (air) → NO3 (used by plants and then eaten by animals) Decomposers recycle nutrients like carbon and nitrogen Recombinant DNA (human insulin and growth hormone) made with E. coli Food uses: cheese, yogurt, pickles, vinegar Antibiotics Harmful Bacteria Streptococcus (strep throat) KINGDOM FUNGI Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Cannot make own food Absorbs food from environment Has a cell wall (like plants and bacteria) Important in decomposing organic material and recycling nutrients The Structure of a Mushroom Fruiting body Hyphae Mycelium The structure of fungi Rhizoids Extend into food Anchors mold or fungus Secrete enzymes (proteins) that digest food Absorb nutrients Reproductive hyphae Grow up and form sporangia (spore cases) Spores burst out of case and land on other food sources Watermold (fungus) releasing reproductive spores Spores Sporangium Hyphae Saprophytes Decomposers Breaks down organic substances Yeast Obtain energy from anaerobic respiration Fermentation breaks sugars down into alcohol and carbon dioxide Lichen Made of fungus and green algae in mutualistic relationship Grows in harsh environment Source of food for animals in tundra biome Pioneer species for primary succession Other examples of Fungi Mushrooms Mold Thrush or Yeast Infection Ringworm Athlete’s Foot KINGDOM PLANTAE Plants Eukaryotic Producers Autotrophs Photosynthetic Cell wall of cellulose Cells have rigid structure Plant cells are larger than animal cells A Cladogram of Plant Groups Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Photosynthesis Chlorophyll traps energy in sunlight Plant converts CO2 and H2O into usable energy of glucose (C6H12O6) Animals can then get energy from plants 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (sunlight) C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 Mosses No true roots, stems, or leaves No vascular tissue (nonvascular) Water and nutrients move by diffusion Grow in shady, damp areas Reproduce with spores Moss Ferns True roots, stems and leaves Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Reproduce with spores Seed plants Seed coat protects embryo, developing plant Seeds contain food for embryo - cotyledon Seed dispersal Wind Water Sticks to animal fur Eaten and eliminated The seed plants are divided into two groups. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Gymnosperms Produce cones Needle-like leaves Evergreens or conifers Conifers and Cacti Gymnosperm Reproduction Conifers produce two kinds of cones on same tree Pollen cones (male) Seed cones Yellow or red, clusters (female) at end of branches Larger, single cones pollen contains (pinecones) sperm Eggs form on scales of seed cones Pollen lands on seed cone. Fertilized egg grows into tree. Angiosperms Produce flowers/fruit Broad leaves (trees) Deciduous trees Drop leaves in fall Flowers and Reproduction Angiosperm Reproduction Male parts of flower Stamen Thin stalk with anther Anther contains pollen Sperm cells in pollen grain Female parts of flower Pistil Surrounded by stamens Ovary at bottom of pistil Ovary contains ovules with eggs Male part Female part Pollination Pollen transferred from stamen to pistil Survival of Plants Reproduction and Change Germination Growth of plant from seed Ends dormant period of seed Cotyledons pushed above ground Primary root grows into soil Stem and first leaves grow upward. Cotyledons die after leaves open and begin photosynthesis. Requirements for germination Once the seed coat has been softened by water, the embryo starts to emerge from the seed. The first part of the embryo to appear is the embryonic root called the radicle (RA dih kul). Radicle Seed coat Requirements for germination The radicle grows down into the soil and develops into a root. The portion of the stem nearest the seed is called the hypocotyl (HI poh kah tul). Cotyledon Seed coat Hypocotyl Primary root Requirements for germination As the hypocotyl continues growing, it straightens, bringing with it the cotyledons and the plant’s first leaves. Cotyledon Secondary roots Requirements for germination In monocots, the cotyledon remains below the soil’s surface. As growth continues, the leaves turn green, and the plant produces its own food through photosynthesis. Epicotyl Withered cotyledons Hypocotyl Secondary roots Seed coat Protection Embryo Baby plant Food supply Cotyledons