Download Spring 2011 Final Review Guide

Chapter 11
Physical Science Spring 2013 Final Review Guide
Chapter 11: Linear Motion (DUE _______)
1. What two pieces of evidence do you need to measure an objects speed/velocity?
2. What are the equations and/or units for the following quantities:

Velocity

Speed

Acceleration

Distance

Time
3. What is the difference between average speed and instantaneous speed?
4. You know the following information about a car traveling down the road:
 At 0 seconds the car has traveled a distance of 0 meters
 At 1 second the car has traveled a distance of 15 meters
 At 2 seconds the car has traveled a distance of 20 meters
 At 3 seconds the car has traveled a distance of 35 meters
 At 4 seconds the car has traveled a distance of 50 meters
 At 5 seconds the car has traveled a distance of 80 meters
a. What is the average speed of the car between 3 and 4 seconds?
b. What is the average speed of the car between 1 and 5 seconds?
c. What is the average speed of the car between 2 and 3 seconds?
5. Draw graphical representations of the following motions:

Constant velocity

Constant acceleration

Acceleration

Deceleration (or negative acceleration)
Use the graph below to answer Question 6.
Distance vs. Time
25
Distance (m)
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time (sec)
6. What is the average speed of the object?
7. A student travels from home to school using the path described below. Using the grid, draw the
student’s path (each block on the grid represents 1 km).




The student travels 3 km to the east.
Then the student travels 5 km to the north.
Then the student travels 4 km to the east.
Then the student travels 2 km to the north.
a. What is the distance?
b. What is the displacement?
Start
8. A car traveled 60km in 2 hours, 84km in the next 1 hour, and then 68km in 2 hours before reaching
its destination. What was the car’s average speed?
9. If you ride your bike at an average speed of 4km/h and need to travel a total distance of 28km,
how long will it take you to reach your destination?
10. During a race, a runner runs at a speed of 6m/s. Two seconds later, the runner is running at a
speed of 10m/s. What is the runner’s acceleration?
11. An object moving at 30 m/s takes 5 seconds to come to a stop. What is the object’s
acceleration?
12. On a distance vs. time graph, the slope of the line indicates the ___________________________.
13. On a velocity vs. time graph, the slope of the line indicates the ____________________________.
14. If an object is moving with constant velocity, what do you know about its acceleration?
15. Explain a situation in which you can accelerate even though your speed does not change.
Chapter 12
Chapter 12: Forces and Motion (___________)
1. What is Newton’s First Law of Motion?
a. This law is also known as the “law of _________________________________”.
2. Does Newton’s First Law of Motion apply to objects at rest, objects that are moving, or both?
Why?
3. Explain why a magician can pull a table cloth off a fully set table without displacing any of the
dishes on the table.
4. Two pieces of paper are dropped from a height of 2m. One piece of paper is flat and the
other piece of paper is crumpled into a ball. (Hint: Think air drag and surface area)
a. Draw a force diagram and label the two forces acting on the pieces of paper.
b. Which piece of paper will hit the ground first? Why?
5. What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion?
6. Acceleration = Force/Mass
a. If mass increases, acceleration______________________________________.
b. If mass decreases, acceleration_____________________________________.
c. If force increases, acceleration _____________________________________.
d. If force decreases, acceleration _____________________________________.
7. Acceleration = Force/Mass
a. If the force is doubled, what happens to the acceleration? Why?
b. If the mass is doubled, what happens to the acceleration? Why?
c. If the mass and force are doubled, what happens to the acceleration?
8. An object has a mass of 5kg. If the object is on Earth, what is the objects weight?
a. If the object is on Mars with acceleration due to gravity of 3.8m/s2, what is the object’s
weight?
b. How much more does the object weight on Earth?
9. W=mg, If W is the same for two objects on two different planets, can you tell which object has
a greater mass? How?
10. What effect does distance have on the strength of the force of gravity?
11. Which has a higher acceleration due to gravity constant (g), the moon or Earth?
12. Which has more effect on the tides, the sun or the moon? Why?
13. Draw the alignment of the Earth, moon, and sun during a spring and neap tide.
14. The diagram below shows the orbital path of a moon around a planet. Label the point(s) on
the path where the orbital speed/velocity is greatest.
Moon
Planet
15. What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?
16. Match up the correct action-reaction pairs.
Action
____________ Bat hits ball
____________ Book pushes on table
____________ Hockey stick hits puck
Reaction
A. Table pushes on book
B. Puck hits hockey stick
C. Ball hits bat
17. In the action-reaction pairs above, the force of the action on the reaction and the force of
the reaction on the action is ______________________________________________________________.
18. Draw a force diagram showing the conditions below.
a. Object is moving at constant speed.
b. Object is speeding up.
c. Object is slowing down.
19. If two trucks exert a net horizontal force of 1050N on a 760kg car, what is the acceleration of
the car?
20. A 38kg canoe broke free of its dock and is now floating downriver at a speed of 2.2m/s. What
is the canoe’s momentum?
21. Momentum = mass x velocity
a. If the mass of an object increases, the momentum _______________________.
b. If the mass of an object decreases, the momentum ______________________.
c. If the velocity of an object increases, the momentum_____________________.
d. If the velocity of an object decreases, the momentum ____________________.
22. A 0.25kg racquet ball is traveling at a speed of 2.5m/s. It collides with and bounces off a 2kg
softball which is traveling at 1.5m/s. If the tennis ball moves with a speed after the collision of
0.5m/s what is the speed of the softball after the collision?
23. Two rail freight cars are being connected together. The first car has a mass of 15,750 kg and is
moving at a speed of 4.00 m/s toward the second car. The second car is stationary and has a
mass of 19,250 kg. Calculate the final velocity of the two connected cars.
24. Two fish are swimming towards each other in a pond. Fish A has a mass of 50kg, and fish B has
a mass of 60kg. The momentum of the fish before they collide is 35kgm/s. What is the
momentum of the fish after the collision?
Chapter 14
Chapter 14: Work, Power, and Machines (DUE__________)
1. Work is the product of what two variables? What is the unit of measurement for work?
2. How much work is done when a 10N forces moves an object 2.5m?
3. What are the equations and units for the following quantities:

Work

Power

Efficiency

Mechanical advantage
4. Does an athlete do work on a trophy as they lift the trophy above their head? Is work done on
the trophy as they stand still holding the trophy above their head? Explain your answers.
5. A machine has an efficiency of 60%. What happens to 60% of the work put into the machine,
and what happens to the other 40%?
6. A machine has a work output of 500J and a work input of 250J.
a. What is the efficiency of this machine?
b. Can this machine exist? Why or why not?
Chapter 15: Energy (DUE ________)
1. What is energy?
2. What is potential energy?
a. Describe the two types of potential energy.
3. What is kinetic energy?
Chapter 15
4. Using the pictures below indication the locations where PE=0 and KE=0.
5. You hold a rock in your hand which has a gravitational potential energy of 25J. When you
drop that rock, how much kinetic energy does the rock have when it hits the ground? Explain
your answer.
6. What is mechanical energy?
7. Using the picture below, indicate which location has a higher mechanical energy. Explain your
answer.
8. Using the diagram to the right, answer the following questions:


Draw the path that the basketball will take as it is released.
When does the ball have the most kinetic energy?

Describe the acceleration of the ball from beginning to
end.

When does the ball have the most potential
energy?
Chapter 10
Chapter 10: Nuclear Energy
1. Describe the difference between nuclear fusion and fission.
2. What is a chain reaction?
Chapter
17/18
Chapter 17 and 18: Sound, Electromagnetic Spectrum, and Light (DUE 5-25)
1. Define Doppler Effect.
2. As a sound source approaches, distance (increases/decreases), and the frequency of sound.
3. As a sound source moves away, distance (increases/decreases), and the frequency of sound.
Radio Waves
Infrared Rays
Visible Light
Ultraviolet Rays
X-Rays
Gamma Rays
4. What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
5. In the diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum above, draw an arrow indicating the
direction of increasing energy and decreasing energy.
6. Describe the visible part by copying the chart from pg. 543 in your textbook. What is the same
about each color of the visible spectrum?
7. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
8. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?
9. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the lowest frequency?
10. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the highest frequency?
Read the article on the next page to answer the questions11-12 below:
11. If you see a galaxy with a blue-shift in their spectral lines what does that mean?
12. If you see a galaxy with a red-shift in their spectral lines what does that mean?
Doppler Effect for Light: Red Shift & Blue Shift
Light waves from a moving source experience the Doppler effect to result in either a red shift or blue
shift in the light's frequency. This is in a fashion similar (though not identical) to other sorts of waves,
such as sound waves. The major difference is that light waves do not require a medium for travel, so
the classical application of the Doppler effect doesn't apply precisely to this situation.
Relativistic Doppler Effect for Light
Consider two objects: the light source and the "listener" (or observer). Since light waves traveling in
empty space have no medium, we analyze the Doppler effect for light in terms of the motion of the
source relative to the listener.
We set up our coordinate system so that the positive direction is from the listener toward the source.
So if the source is moving away from the listener, its velocity v is positive, but if it is moving toward the
listener, then the v is negative. The listener, in this case, is always considered to be at rest (so v is really
the total relative velocity between them). The speed of light c is always considered positive.
The listener receives a frequency fL which would be different from the frequency transmitted by the
source fS. This is calculated with relativistic mechanics, by applying necessary the length contraction,
and obtains the relationship:
fL = sqrt [(c - v)/(c + v)] * fS
Red Shift & Blue Shift
A light source moving away from the listener (v is positive) would provide an fL that is less than fS. In
the visible light spectrum, this causes a shift toward the red end of the light spectrum, so it is called a
red shift. When the light source is moving toward the listener (v is negative), then fL is greater than fS.
In the visible light spectrum, this causes a shift toward the high-frequency end of the light spectrum.
For some reason, violet got the short end of the stick and such frequency shift is actually called a
blue shift. Obviously, in the area of the electromagnetic spectrum outside of the visible light
spectrum, these shifts might not actually be toward red and blue. If you're in the infrared, for
example, you're ironically shifting away from red when you experience a "red shift."
Applications
Police use this property in the radar boxes they use to track speed. Radio waves are transmitted out,
collide with a vehicle, and bounce back. The speed of the vehicle (which acts as the source of the
reflected wave) determines the change in frequency, which can be detected with the box. (Similar
applications can be used to measure wind velocities in the atmosphere, which is the "Doppler radar"
of which meteorologists are so fond.)
This Doppler shift is also used to track satellites. By observing how the frequency changes, you can
determine the velocity relative to your location, which allows ground-based tracking to analyze the
movement of objects in space.
In astronomy, these shifts prove helpful. When observing a system with two stars, you can tell which is
moving toward you and which away by analyzing how the frequencies change.
Even more significantly, evidence from the analysis of light from distant galaxies shows that the light
experiences a red shift. These galaxies are moving away from the Earth. In fact, the results of this are
a bit beyond the mere Doppler effect. This is actually a result of spacetime itself expanding, as
predicted by general relativity. Extrapolations of this evidence, along with other findings, support the
"big bang" picture of the origin of the universe.