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Spanish Exploration Template Vocab Name this vocab “Spanish Exploration” • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Diplomats The Crusades “Wonders of the East” Finance Scholar Scurvy Limeys The Columbian Exchange Agrarian Indigenous Immunity Import Deity Covet First contact Guatari The Connection of Empires • Alexander the Great conquered lands on different continents and this allowed trading between Europe and Asia in the fourth century BCE. • China and the Roman Empire traded regularly and exchanged a few diplomats (officials that represent a country abroad and help maintain trade relations and peace). • During the Middle Ages, though, trade and travel between Europe and Asia stopped almost entirely. The Crusades The Crusades - a series of military missions, encouraged by the Pope and Roman Catholic Church. •Took place throughout the 11th and 13th centuries. •The original goal of The Crusades was to recapture “Christian” holy lands that had been invaded by Muslims. The Crusades exposed European soldiers/knights to the “Wonders of the East.” They brought word back to Europe about the splendors there. Such wonders included: • Spices • Silk • Exotic Fruits • Jewels • Gold Portugal • The first European nation to try to trade directly with Asia. • 1441-Prince Henry “the Navigator,” sent explorers to the west coast of Africa • 1488- Bartolomeu Dias sailed all the way around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, proving that there was an ocean route around the continent. • 1497, Vasco da Gama followed Dias’ route, then sailed north and east to India — opening up the riches of Asia to Portugal. Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama • 1493-Pope Alexander VI divided the WORLD between Spain and Portugal. • • Western Hemisphere = Spain Eastern Hemisphere = Portugal. • Both refused other European countries the right to have ships in what they claimed were "their" waters…… • The English, French, Dutch, and other countries ran of the risk of being treated like pirates, even when they weren't. They didn’t like this…at all! Spain Columbus’s mistake • 1492- Christopher Columbus, convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to finance (pay for) a voyage across the Atlantic to Asia. • Columbus believed that Asia lay only 2,400 miles to the west of Spain — which would make the Atlantic Ocean about the width of the Mediterranean Sea. Many scholars (specialists in a particular area of study) believed it was much farther. • He was to be named governor of any new lands he discovered and was promised ten percent of any wealth obtained. • You know the basics…..In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue….the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. • Columbus was wrong, of course…completely mistaken in his geography. Asia is more than 12,000 miles west of Europe, and had the Americas not been waiting in the middle, Columbus would never have reached land. He reached the Bahamas instead. After three more voyages to the Caribbean and the coast of South America he died in 1506 still believing he had been exploring mainland Asia. Replica of the Nina Replica of the Pinta Replica of the Santa Maria What did they wear? • When the crew signed on, they came aboard with only the clothes they owned. • They were not given a special uniform for the expedition. • Most sailors wore calf length pants, which today are called slops. • They had a shirt, maybe a waistcoat or a jacket. • Two pieces of clothing that Spanish sailors wore were a hooded smock and a “gorro”— a red, woolen stocking-hat. • Because leather-soled shoes would slip easily on a wet deck or spar, most sailors went barefoot on-board ship and saved shoes for land. Where Did They Sleep? • Captains and officers slept in small cabins called “toldillas” on the stern deck for the captain and other officers; this is where Columbus spent most of his time. • The crew, on the other hand, had to sleep anywhere they could find that was dry and out of the sun. Many slept in the forecastle (front open deck of the ship) under the stars. • The hold below would be full of supplies, bilge water from the ship (they all leaked a little), emptied pots from their toilet, and rats. Below deck was a place you would not like to be for very long. • After arriving in America and seeing the natives use hammocks, the sailors quickly adopted their use aboard ship. What did they eat? • • Columbus requested from the Crown: good (not stale) sea biscuit, salted flour (for making bread aboard ship), wheat flour, wine, salt meat (usually salted beef), olive oil, vinegar, cheese, dried chickpeas, dried lentils, dried beans, salt fish (usually anchovies and sardines), fishing tackle, (fish for fishing while aboard), honey, rice, almonds, and raisins. The olive oil was used for cooking things like chickpeas, lentils, beans, and salted meat. The bread they cooked onboard was usually “baked” in the hot coals of the fire pit. One of the sailors cooked a meal in the fire pit, which was the one hot meal served every day at 11 am. The meal would be served in a large wooden trencher and the crew may have had small wooden bowls for their portion. The sailors would use the knives they carried for work (for cutting rope and sail cloth) to cut or pick-up large pieces of food. Otherwise they did not have any forks or spoons. The primary drink was wine and next, water. Both were kept in barrels onboard. The water quickly went stagnate, so wine with alcohol kept better for longer. So the crews drank the wine first and then drank the water as a last resort. There was no coffee or tea to add to the water. At the end of the day, the firebox was extinguished for the night, since fire on a ship is extremely dangerous. Did they get sick? • With the close quarters of the ship, other crewmen would quickly catch illnesses. • The one disease caused by being at sea was scurvy. • Scurvy • occurs when there is a lack of vitamin C in the diet. This causes the blood vessels to break down, and the person begins to bleed around the gums, eyes, and ears. It would cause death if not treated. • Sailors became known as “limeys” because they began to carry Vitamin C rich limes aboard with them for long voyages. The Columbian Exchange • North and South America in the western hemisphere and Europe, Asia, and Africa in the eastern hemisphere had been isolated from each other for 10,000 years. • The Columbian Exchange - The widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas when these continents again came into contact with each other. • Columbus viewed these agrarian (farming) natives as “uncivilized.” Civilized to Europeans meant: • someone who lived in a house • ate his meals at a table • wore modest clothes that covered them fully • followed a Christian religion Columbus believed they should be used as slave or servant labor. (This set the tone for future European views on natives). “It seemed to me that they were a people who were very poor in everything. They go as naked as their mothers bore them, even the women, though I only saw one girl, and she was very young. All those I did see were young men, none of them more than thirty years old.… They do not carry arms and do not know of them, because I showed them some swords and they grasped them by the blade and cut themselves out of ignorance.…” “They ought to make good slaves for they are of quick intelligence, since I notice that they are quick to repeat what is said to them, and I believe that they could very easily become Christians, for it seemed to me that they had no religion of their own. God willing, when I come to leave I will bring six of them to Your Highnesses so that they may learn to speak…” -A Diary Entry by Christopher Columbus The Taino People • On Hispañola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Columbus tried to enslave the indigenous (native) Taino people to grow the plant sugar cane. • Smallpox and other diseases wiped out the entire native population of the island — around 2 MILLION people. The natives had no immunity (power to resist infection/sickness) to European diseases. • With the native population gone, the Spanish began to import (bring in with trade) slaves from Africa to grow their sugar cane, beginning a tradition of African slave trade. The Taino People Smallpox • Symptoms of Smallpox- high fever, head and body aches, vomiting, rash that spreads and progresses to raised bumps and pus-filled blisters that crust, scab, and fall off after about three weeks, leaving a pitted scar. • Smallpox is like chickenpox in that if you have had a serious enough case before, you will not contract it again. • The vaccine for smallpox was the first vaccine ever developed. In fact, the term "vaccine" comes from the Latin word for cow, vaccinus, since the original small pox vaccine was made using the similar cow pox virus. • The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The Aztecs • 1519- Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico and encountered the Aztecs They were: A well developed empire spanning from modern day Mexico down through Central America. • Rich!!!!! Gold and Silver • Militaristic-They won lands by conquering them • Ruled by one supreme emperor named Moctezuma from the capital of his empire named Tenochtitlán. Human Sacrifice guaranteed the Aztec God would: • make the sun rise at morning • grant fertility (lots of baby Aztecs) • guarantee a good harvest. They would raid neighboring villages for people to sacrifice. *In the most famous ritual, the victim was laid spread-eagle on a round stone on top of a great pyramid while a priest cut out his heart and offered it, still beating, to the god Huitzilopochtli. Conquering the Aztecs How did Cortés conquer this vast empire? • Smallpox killed 1/3 of the Aztecs • The Aztecs mistook Cortés for their deity(god)Quetzalcoátl, or Plumed Serpent. They had never seen armor or horses before. • He eventually was able to take Moctezuma (their leader) hostage and gain control of the capital. • Once the capital toppled, the rest of the empire soon followed. The Incas • Like the Aztecs, the Incan Empire was RICH • The Spanish especially coveted (desired) the Inca’s gold and silver. • The Incas gained their power by forcing conquered peoples to adopt their language and religion. • They connected their cities with man made roads that crossed the Andes mountains. • Francisco Pizarro landed in Peru in 1530, captured the Inca emperor, Atahualpa, and quickly took control of the empire. Two different views of the Inca ruins of Machu Picchu, Peru Riches From the New World • Riches from the New World were sent back to the rulers of Spain. • What did the Aztec and Inca civilizations provide? GOLD!!!!!!!! • These riches funded the Spanish monarchy and wars. • The rest of Europe (including England) saw this and wanted in on the riches for themselves!!!! La Florida • 1513-Ponce de Leon sailed by the Florida Peninsula and reported the area to the crown who claimed it as Spanish Land. • 1536- Hernando Desoto was made governor of La Florida • 1539- He began an expedition to explore the Southeastern US (working his way up through NC) • Spain hoped to find gold and riches • He and his men encountered many natives of the “Mississippian period.” • No riches were found, and De Soto ended up dying from fever. • He and his men were the first European contact for natives of what is now the United States. De Soto Juan Pardo and the Yadkin Estate • Feb, 1567- Captain Juan Pardo of Spain arrives with his group of Spanish explorers in Rowan, NC (Piedmont). • This was a “first contact”- the first time the Guatari natives along the Yadkin River had ever been introduced to Europeans. • This happened 20 years before any English exploration/colonization in the area. State Archives from Pardo Expedition- “It is a rich land… a land of mountain ridges and flat tracks of arable land, good for all the crops of the world.… Next to this place passes a very full river.… They say that any sort of ship could sail more than 20 leagues up this river.” • Pardo reported back to the governor at “La Florida” about this great land. • The governor had been promised 5,500 acres of land of his choice as a reward for his governorship of the Spanish colony. • He chose to create an agricultural estate along the Yadkin River in this area based on Pardo’s reports. • It was a major failure because the soil there would not sustain crops. • The Guatari were driven out by smallpox The site of the original Guatari village that Pardo encountered is now buried under the waters of the Yadkin River in Rowan, NC.