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Spanish Exploration
Template Vocab
Name this vocab “Spanish Exploration”
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Diplomats
The Crusades
“Wonders of the East”
Finance
Scholar
Scurvy
Limeys
The Columbian Exchange
Agrarian
Indigenous
Immunity
Import
Deity
Covet
First contact
Guatari
The Connection of Empires
• Alexander the Great conquered lands on different
continents and this allowed trading between
Europe and Asia in the fourth century BCE.
• China and the Roman Empire traded regularly
and exchanged a few diplomats (officials that
represent a country abroad and help maintain
trade relations and peace).
• During the Middle Ages, though, trade and travel
between Europe and Asia stopped almost
entirely.
The Crusades
The Crusades - a series of
military missions,
encouraged by the Pope and
Roman Catholic Church.
•Took place throughout the
11th and 13th centuries.
•The original goal of The
Crusades was to recapture
“Christian” holy lands that
had been invaded by
Muslims.
The Crusades exposed European
soldiers/knights to the “Wonders of the East.”
They brought word back to Europe about the
splendors there.
Such wonders included:
• Spices
• Silk
• Exotic Fruits
• Jewels
• Gold
Portugal
• The first European nation to try to trade directly
with Asia.
• 1441-Prince Henry “the Navigator,” sent explorers
to the west coast of Africa
• 1488- Bartolomeu Dias sailed all the way around
the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good
Hope, proving that there was an ocean route
around the continent.
• 1497, Vasco da Gama followed Dias’ route, then
sailed north and east to India — opening up the
riches of Asia to Portugal.
Bartolomeu
Dias
Vasco da
Gama
• 1493-Pope Alexander VI
divided the WORLD
between Spain and
Portugal.
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Western Hemisphere =
Spain
Eastern Hemisphere =
Portugal.
•
Both refused other
European countries the right
to have ships in what they
claimed were "their"
waters……
•
The English, French, Dutch,
and other countries ran of
the risk of being treated
like pirates, even when
they weren't. They didn’t
like this…at all!
Spain
Columbus’s mistake
• 1492- Christopher Columbus, convinced Queen Isabella and King
Ferdinand of Spain to finance (pay for) a voyage across the Atlantic to Asia.
• Columbus believed that Asia lay only 2,400 miles to the west of Spain —
which would make the Atlantic Ocean about the width of the
Mediterranean Sea. Many scholars (specialists in a particular area of
study) believed it was much farther.
• He was to be named governor of any new lands he discovered and was
promised ten percent of any wealth obtained.
• You know the basics…..In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue….the Nina,
the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
• Columbus was wrong, of course…completely mistaken in his geography.
Asia is more than 12,000 miles west of Europe, and had the Americas not
been waiting in the middle, Columbus would never have reached land. He
reached the Bahamas instead. After three more voyages to the Caribbean
and the coast of South America he died in 1506 still believing he had been
exploring mainland Asia.
Replica of the Nina
Replica of the
Pinta
Replica of the Santa
Maria
What did they wear?
• When the crew signed on, they came aboard with only the
clothes they owned.
• They were not given a special uniform for the expedition.
• Most sailors wore calf length pants, which today are called
slops.
• They had a shirt, maybe a waistcoat or a jacket.
• Two pieces of clothing that Spanish sailors wore were a
hooded smock and a “gorro”— a red, woolen stocking-hat.
• Because leather-soled shoes would slip easily on a wet deck
or spar, most sailors went barefoot on-board ship and saved
shoes for land.
Where Did They Sleep?
• Captains and officers slept in small cabins called “toldillas”
on the stern deck for the captain and other officers; this is
where Columbus spent most of his time.
• The crew, on the other hand, had to sleep anywhere they
could find that was dry and out of the sun. Many slept in
the forecastle (front open deck of the ship) under the stars.
• The hold below would be full of supplies, bilge water from
the ship (they all leaked a little), emptied pots from their
toilet, and rats. Below deck was a place you would not like
to be for very long.
• After arriving in America and seeing the natives use
hammocks, the sailors quickly adopted their use aboard
ship.
What did they eat?
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Columbus requested from the Crown: good (not stale) sea biscuit, salted flour (for
making bread aboard ship), wheat flour, wine, salt meat (usually salted beef), olive
oil, vinegar, cheese, dried chickpeas, dried lentils, dried beans, salt fish (usually
anchovies and sardines), fishing tackle, (fish for fishing while aboard), honey, rice,
almonds, and raisins.
The olive oil was used for cooking things like chickpeas, lentils, beans, and salted
meat. The bread they cooked onboard was usually “baked” in the hot coals of the
fire pit. One of the sailors cooked a meal in the fire pit, which was the one hot
meal served every day at 11 am. The meal would be served in a large wooden
trencher and the crew may have had small wooden bowls for their portion. The
sailors would use the knives they carried for work (for cutting rope and sail cloth)
to cut or pick-up large pieces of food. Otherwise they did not have any forks or
spoons. The primary drink was wine and next, water. Both were kept in barrels
onboard. The water quickly went stagnate, so wine with alcohol kept better for
longer. So the crews drank the wine first and then drank the water as a last resort.
There was no coffee or tea to add to the water. At the end of the day, the firebox
was extinguished for the night, since fire on a ship is extremely dangerous.
Did they get sick?
• With the close quarters of the ship, other crewmen
would quickly catch illnesses.
• The one disease caused by being at sea was scurvy.
• Scurvy
• occurs when there is a lack of vitamin C in the diet.
This causes the blood vessels to break down, and the
person begins to bleed around the gums, eyes, and
ears. It would cause death if not treated.
• Sailors became known as “limeys” because they began
to carry Vitamin C rich limes aboard with them for long
voyages.
The Columbian Exchange
• North and South America in the western
hemisphere and Europe, Asia, and Africa in
the eastern hemisphere had been isolated
from each other for 10,000 years.
• The Columbian Exchange - The widespread
exchange of animals, plants, culture, human
populations, communicable diseases,
technology and ideas when these continents
again came into contact with each other.
• Columbus viewed these agrarian (farming)
natives as “uncivilized.”
Civilized to Europeans meant:
• someone who lived in a house
• ate his meals at a table
• wore modest clothes that covered them fully
• followed a Christian religion
Columbus believed they should be used as slave
or servant labor.
(This set the tone for future European views on
natives).
“It seemed to me that they were a people who were very poor in
everything. They go as naked as their mothers bore them, even the
women, though I only saw one girl, and she was very young. All
those I did see were young men, none of them more than thirty
years old.… They do not carry arms and do not know of them,
because I showed them some swords and they grasped them by
the blade and cut themselves out of ignorance.…”
“They ought to make good slaves for they are of quick intelligence,
since I notice that they are quick to repeat what is said to them,
and I believe that they could very easily become Christians, for it
seemed to me that they had no religion of their own. God willing,
when I come to leave I will bring six of them to Your Highnesses
so that they may learn to speak…”
-A Diary Entry by Christopher Columbus
The Taino People
• On Hispañola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican
Republic), Columbus tried to enslave the indigenous
(native) Taino people to grow the plant sugar cane.
• Smallpox and other diseases wiped out the entire
native population of the island — around 2 MILLION
people. The natives had no immunity (power to resist
infection/sickness) to European diseases.
• With the native population gone, the Spanish began to
import (bring in with trade) slaves from Africa to grow
their sugar cane, beginning a tradition of African slave
trade.
The Taino
People
Smallpox
• Symptoms of Smallpox- high fever, head and body
aches, vomiting, rash that spreads and progresses to
raised bumps and pus-filled blisters that crust, scab,
and fall off after about three weeks, leaving a pitted
scar.
• Smallpox is like chickenpox in that if you have had a
serious enough case before, you will not contract it
again.
• The vaccine for smallpox was the first vaccine ever
developed. In fact, the term "vaccine" comes from the
Latin word for cow, vaccinus, since the original small
pox vaccine was made using the similar cow pox virus.
• The last case of smallpox in the United States was in
1949.
The Aztecs
• 1519- Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico and
encountered the Aztecs
They were:
A well developed empire spanning from modern
day Mexico down through Central America.
• Rich!!!!! Gold and Silver
• Militaristic-They won lands by conquering them
• Ruled by one supreme emperor named
Moctezuma from the capital of his empire named
Tenochtitlán.
Human Sacrifice guaranteed the Aztec God
would:
• make the sun rise at morning
• grant fertility (lots of baby Aztecs)
• guarantee a good harvest.
They would raid neighboring villages for people
to sacrifice.
*In the most famous ritual, the victim was laid
spread-eagle on a round stone on top of a great
pyramid while a priest cut out his heart and
offered it, still beating, to the god
Huitzilopochtli.
Conquering the Aztecs
How did Cortés conquer this vast empire?
• Smallpox killed 1/3 of the Aztecs
• The Aztecs mistook Cortés for their
deity(god)Quetzalcoátl, or Plumed Serpent. They
had never seen armor or horses before.
• He eventually was able to take Moctezuma (their
leader) hostage and gain control of the capital.
• Once the capital toppled, the rest of the empire
soon followed.
The Incas
• Like the Aztecs, the Incan Empire was RICH
• The Spanish especially coveted (desired) the
Inca’s gold and silver.
• The Incas gained their power by forcing
conquered peoples to adopt their language and
religion.
• They connected their cities with man made roads
that crossed the Andes mountains.
• Francisco Pizarro landed in Peru in 1530,
captured the Inca emperor, Atahualpa, and
quickly took control of the empire.
Two different views of the Inca
ruins of Machu Picchu, Peru
Riches From the New World
• Riches from the New World were sent back to
the rulers of Spain.
• What did the Aztec and Inca civilizations
provide? GOLD!!!!!!!!
• These riches funded the Spanish monarchy
and wars.
• The rest of Europe (including England) saw
this and wanted in on the riches for
themselves!!!!
La Florida
• 1513-Ponce de Leon sailed by the Florida Peninsula and
reported the area to the crown who claimed it as Spanish
Land.
• 1536- Hernando Desoto was made governor of La Florida
• 1539- He began an expedition to explore the Southeastern
US (working his way up through NC)
• Spain hoped to find gold and riches
• He and his men encountered many natives of the
“Mississippian period.”
• No riches were found, and De Soto ended up dying from
fever.
• He and his men were the first European contact for natives
of what is now the United States.
De Soto
Juan Pardo and the Yadkin Estate
• Feb, 1567- Captain Juan Pardo of Spain arrives
with his group of Spanish explorers in Rowan,
NC (Piedmont).
• This was a “first contact”- the first time the
Guatari natives along the Yadkin River had
ever been introduced to Europeans.
• This happened 20 years before any English
exploration/colonization in the area.
State Archives from Pardo Expedition-
“It is a rich land… a land of mountain ridges and flat
tracks of arable land, good for all the crops of the
world.… Next to this place passes a very full
river.… They say that any sort of ship could sail more
than 20 leagues up this river.”
• Pardo reported back to the governor at “La
Florida” about this great land.
• The governor had been promised 5,500 acres
of land of his choice as a reward for his
governorship of the Spanish colony.
• He chose to create an agricultural estate along
the Yadkin River in this area based on Pardo’s
reports.
• It was a major failure because the soil there
would not sustain crops.
• The Guatari were driven out by smallpox
The site of the original Guatari village that Pardo
encountered is now buried under the waters of
the Yadkin River in Rowan, NC.