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Learning What Is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning • Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Observation • Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 • Food (US): salivation (UR) – Reflexive response • Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 • CS is repeatedly paired with the US – A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 • Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR – Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Examples • Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms • Smell of mom’s perfume: smiling • Sight of certain restaurant: nausea • Noise of a can opener: cat comes running • Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response • Avoidance learning • Conditioned phobias – Little Albert Classical Conditioning • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning • Stimulus generalization • Stimulus discrimination Classical Conditioning Applied • • • • • • Drug overdoses Smoking: environmental cues Systematic desensitization Advertising: sex appeal Taste aversion Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Cognitive and social learning Operant Conditioning: Examples • • • • Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums Slot machine pays out: gamble more Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning • Thorndike’s puzzle box – Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated • Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles • Stimulus-Response • Reinforcement – Positive reinforcement Effective Punishment • Should be – Swift – Consistent – Appropriately aversive • Challenges – Physical punishment may be imitated – May fear the person who punishes • Most effective when paired with reinforcers Reinforcement • • • • Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Behavior modification Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement • Generalization • Discrimination – Discriminative stimulus • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery Building Complex Behaviors • Shaping – Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior – Used to train animals to do complex tricks Reinforcement Schedules • • • • • • Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio Reinforcement Schedules Classical versus Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning – Learned association between US and CS – Organism is passive – Responses elicited Operant conditioning – Associate response and reinforcement – Organism is active – Responses emitted Types of Learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Cognitive and social learning Cognitive Learning • Latent learning – Tolman’s rats: cognitive maps Insight Learning • “Aha” experience Observational Learning • Bandura’s Bobo doll study
