Download to-infinitive clauses

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5.1 Function – form relationships
5.2 Realisations of the Subject
5.3 Realisations of the Predicate and Predicator
5.4 Realisations of the Direct Object
Function & Form
Function -> Subjects, Direct Object, Adjunct, etc..
Form -> word classes ( noun, adjective, verb, etc..),
phrases (NP, AP, VP, etc..)
clauses (matrix clause, subordinate clause)
sentences
Function
Form
구분되고 관련 없는 것이 아닌
Function
Form
서로 연관성을 가지는 것이다
5.1 Function – form relationships
Ex)
Ex) Transportation
Function : transportation
Form : bus, taxi, train…
Function : writing, drwaing, designing…
-> There is no one-to-one relationship between a particular function and the object used
to carry out that function.
-> In language too, there is a lack of a one to one relationship between the various forms
and the functions.
= A particular function may be performed by different forms.
5.2 Realisations of the Subject
1. NPs functioning as Subject
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
〔NP
〔NP
〔NP
〔NP
The hedgehog〕 ate the carrot.
A rat〕 bit my toe.
This shoe〕 hurts me.
Teachers〕 never lie.
2. PPs functioning as Subject
(5) 〔PP Under the stairs〕 was a safe area to be during the war.
(5) Was under the stairs a safe area to be during the war?
(6) 〔PP Outside the fridge〕 is a bad place to keep milk.
(6) Is outside the fridge a bad place to keep milk?
(7) 〔PP After Saturday〕 would be a good time to go away for a few days.
(7) Would after Saturday be a good time to go away for a few days?
(8) 〔PP Between eleven and midnight〕 suits him.
(8) Does between eleven and midnight suits him?
There are some restrictions on PPs as Subjects in English.
① They are usually phrases that specify a location or time interval.
② The main verb of the sentence is often a form of the verb be.
5.2 Realisations of the Subject
Finite clauses ⇒ 시제를 가진 절
Non- finite clauses ⇒ 시제를 가지지 않는 절
3. Finite clauses functioning as Subject
(9) 〔That he will go to New York soon〕 is obvious.
(10) 〔That the people adore her〕 will no doubt boost her ratings.
(11) 〔That this policy is ludicrous〕 doesn’t need to be demonstrated.
(12) 〔What the terrorists said〕 puzzled the police.
(13) 〔Whoever emerges as the winner〕 will earn a lot of money.
(14) 〔Why she consented〕 remains a mystery.
-> who, what, where, why 등의 wh-로 시작하는 wh- clauses
5.2 Realisations of the Subject
4. Non-finite clauses functioning as a Subject
① to-infinitive clauses functioning as Subject
w i t h a Subject of their own
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
〔For
〔For
〔For
〔For
Judith to buy that house〕 would spell disaster.
us to understand the issues〕 requires a major mental effort.
Janet to go to College〕 would be a good idea.
Karl to visit art Galleries〕 would not be desirable.
-> This Subject is always preceded by for.
4. Non-finite clauses functioning as a Subject
① to-infinitive clauses functioning as Subject
w i t h o u t a Subject of their own
w i t h o u t a Subject of their own,
introduced by a wh-word
(19) 〔To be a good teacher〕 is more difficult
than people think.
(23) 〔What to read during the holidays〕 is the
question all students are asking.
(20) 〔To see her〕 is to love her.
(24) 〔Who to ask for permission〕 seems unclear.
(21) 〔To surrender our arms〕 will seem
cowardly.
(25) 〔Where to sleep in this town〕 will not be an
easy problem to solve.
(22) 〔To break down this fence〕 could lead to a
conflict with the neighbours.
(26) 〔Whether to teach grammar or not to
schoolchildren〕 is a hotly debated issue.
4. Non-finite clauses functioning as a Subject
② –ing participle clauses functioning as Subject
w i t h a Subject of their own
(27) 〔Otto playing the guitar〕 has made the
whole family happier.
(28) 〔Pete breaking the rules〕 is unacceptable.
(29) 〔Students walking on the roof〕 poses a
safety risk.
w i t h o u t a Subject of their own
(32) 〔Going on holiday〕 always creates tensions.
(33) 〔Running a business〕 is hard work.
(34) 〔Swimming in this lake〕 will make you ill.
(35) 〔Refusing to help the needy〕 is selfish.
(30) 〔Damien fooling around〕 embarrasses his
friends.
(31) 〔George buying all those books〕 will cost
his father a fortune.
③ small clauses functioning as Subject
-> Subject can be inferred from the context or
always of
have
from one’sThey
knowledge
the world.
the Subject of
their own
(36) 〔The kitchen free of cockroaches〕 is a welcome prospect.
5.3 Realisation of the Predicate and Predicator
Predicates are verb phrases, and Predicators are always main verbs.
(37) Eric lost his keys yesterday.
Subject
Predicate
lost his keys yesterday (Predicate)
Predicator
Direct
Object
Adjunct
5.4 Realisations of the Direct Object
1. NPs functioning as Direct Object
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
Monica admires 〔NP the President〕.
Ralph enjoys 〔NP her company〕.
William lit 〔NP the barbecue〕.
Nina described 〔NP the event〕.
2. PPs functioning as Direct Object
(42) Speaker A : Where will the new discotheque be built?
Speaker B : I don’t know, but the council rejected 〔PP behind
the church〕.
(43) Speaker A : Are you going on holiday before or after Easter?
Speaker B : I prefer 〔PP before Easter〕.
-> Like PPs as Subjects, PPs as Direct Objects tend to be locative
phrases or phrases specifying a time span.
3. Finite clauses functioning as Direct Object
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
The government believes 〔that the voters are stupid〕.
She admits 〔that she ignored the red light〕.
Maggie doubts 〔that her boyfriend will ever change〕.
We regret 〔that we appointed you〕.
that-clauses
finite wh-clauses
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
He knows 〔what she means〕.
He explained 〔who would be in charge of the investigation〕.
I don’t remember 〔why Paul said that〕.
They finally decided 〔where they will send their child to school〕.
4. Nonfinite clauses functioning as Direct Object
-> Nonfinite clauses functioning as Direct Object can be realised by five types
of nonfinite clauses :
to-infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses, -ing participle clauses,
-ed participle clauses, small clauses 5가지
① to-infinitive clauses w i t h a Subject of their own
(52) Ann considers 〔Helen to be an excellent director〕.
(53) They believe 〔the tabloid newspapers to contain nothing but
smut〕.
(54) The company expects 〔its employees to dress smartly〕.
(55) Ivan wants 〔the train to depart〕.
4. Nonfinite clauses functioning as Direct Object
To-infinitive clauses w i t h o u t a Subject of their own
주어가 나타나있지 않은 비정형
직접목적어절에서
주어는 주절로부터 복원 가능
즉, 각 종속절의 암묵적 주어는
주절의 주어이다.
(56) Gary wants 〔to leave〕.
(60) He forgot 〔what to say to the examiners〕.
(57) We hope 〔to see you soon〕.
(61) The dentist couldn’t decide 〔who to see
next〕.
(58) They expect 〔to leave the country within
twenty-four hours〕.
(59) She proposed 〔to open a restaurant in
London〕.
-> Subjects are not introduced
(62) They told their family 〔when to come
over〕.
(63) You should know 〔how to do arithmetic
without a calculator〕.
-> Subjects are introduced by a wh-word
4. Nonfinite clauses functioning as Direct Object
② bare infinitive clauses functioning as Direct Object
(65) We saw 〔the sun rise〕.
(66) Rick could hear 〔his tutor rage with anger〕.
(67) She made 〔her boyfriend cry〕.
(68) I let 〔the situation pass〕.
-> Bare infinitive clauses contain an infinitive without the participle to
-> Bare infinitive clauses as DO always contain a Subject
-> perception verbs (see, hear), causative verbs (make, let)
4. Nonfinite clauses functioning as Direct Object
③ –ing participle clauses functioning as Direct Object
w i t h a Subject of their own
w i t h o u t a Subject of their own
(69) I heard 〔Jamie singing in the bath〕.
(73) She abhors 〔eating meat〕.
(70) The witness saw 〔someone running away〕.
(74) Willy intended 〔registering for the exams〕.
(71) They remember 〔the cast rehearsing for
days〕.
(75) Ray regrets 〔buying a sports car〕.
(72) We could smell 〔something burning〕.
(76) I can’t imagine 〔travelling to Moscow〕.
-> 종속절에 주어가 없는 경우, 주절의 주어와 동
일한 것으로 해석된다.
④ –ed participle clauses functioning as Direct Object
(77)
(78)
(79)
(80)
We had 〔the prisoners jailed〕.
She watched 〔the ship moored〕.
I need 〔my watch repaired〕.
They found 〔the front door locked〕.
->Like bare infinitive DO clauses, -ed participle clauses always take a Subject!
⑤ small clauses functioning as Direct Object
(81)
(82)
(83)
(84)
Martin considers 〔SC Tim a creep〕.
Larry judges 〔SC the Head of Department a genius〕.
Phil deems 〔SC Henry foolish〕.
Katie thinks 〔SC us clever〕.