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Causes and Effects of the Civil War
1820-1865
Expansion created both new free and slave states. It was
commonly agreed it would be a good idea if new states did
not upset the balance between existing free and slave
states. The proposed admission of Missouri in 1819 as a
slave state threatened to upset this balance. (from 11
slave and 11 free to 12 slave and 11 free)
State
year admitted total slave states total free states
Ohio
1803
9
Louisiana
1812
9
Indiana
1816
10
Mississippi
Illinois
Alabama
Maine
1817
1818
1819
1820
1819
10
11
11
11 slave states
12
11 free states
Compromise of 1820
• Missouri a slave state and Maine a free
state. Slavery was not allowed above 36
30 latitude.
• Why were people dissatisfied with the
compromise?
– Did not really address the issue of slavery in
the territories.
– Did not settle the dispute over who would
control the spread of slavery: The states or
the Federal Government.
The North and South develop along different lines
NORTH
SOUTH
Diverse economy based on industry
and agriculture
Economy based on agriculture
Large cities undergoing rapid
urbanization
Mainly rural with a few cities
Massive immigration strengthened the
economy
Few immigrants
Favored federal spending on internal
improvements and wanted high tariffs
Opposed federal spending on internal
improvements and wanted no tariffs
The Northeast was economically
linked with the Midwest
Sought to expand by creating more
slave states
Economy based on free labor
Economy based on slave labor
The Mexican-American War (1846-48)
sparks sectional conflict
Victorious
U.S. Army
occupies
Mexico
City,
ending the
war.
The war was the ultimate extension of Manifest Destiny: America’s
destiny was to settle the entire North American continent.
1840
1850
The U.S.
gained vast
territories as a
result of the
victory in the
MexicanAmerican War.
The issue of
slavery in this
new land
would lead
directly to the
Civil War.
The Compromise of 1850 had
five sections
Old Senate chambers where the debate took place
1. The territories of New
Mexico, Nevada, Arizona,
and Utah would be
organized without
mention of slavery. The
decision would be made
by the territories when
they applied for
statehood.
2. California would be
admitted as a free state.
3.Texas would relinquish
the land in dispute but,
in compensation, be
given $10 million to pay
off its debt to Mexico.
4.The slave trade would be
abolished in the District
of Columbia, although
slavery would still be
permitted.
The Compromise of 1850
issue
North
South
California as a
free state
For it
Against it
Fugitive Slave Act
Against it
For it
Utah and New
Mexico /popular
sovereignty
For it & against it
Against it & for it
Texas land
claims
Abolish slave
trade in DC
neutral
neutral
For it
Against it
Fugitive Slave Act
• Stronger than the 1793 law.
• Put power to enforce it in Federal hands
• Outraged Northern abolitionists
– Led to the enactment of Personal Liberty
Laws to protect African Americans
– Led to the writing of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
– Led to increase in the activity of the
Underground Railroad
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The pen is mightier than the
sword.
”The object of these
sketches is to awaken
sympathy and feeling for the
African race, as they exist
among us; to show their
wrongs and sorrows, under a
system so necessarily cruel
and unjust as to defeat and
do away the good effects of
all that can be attempted for
them, by their best friends,
under it.” Harriet Beecher
Stowe, from the preface of
the first edition
According to legend, when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher
Stowe in 1862 he said:
"So this is the little
lady who made this
big war!"
The divisive issue of new state admission into the Union
reached a crisis point when events in newly acquired California
caused a population boom.
California population Growth
223000
250000
200000
150000
93000
population
100000
50000
14000
0
1848
1850
1852
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois devised a plan to build a
transcontinental railroad with a stop through Chicago.
Needed southern approval for the plan to pass.
• Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
– Divided the Nebraska territory into Kansas territory and
Nebraska Territory.
– Both States were above the 36°30’ line of the Missouri
Compromise.
– Would use popular sovereignty
– Southern states jumped at the chance to get more slave
states.
– Republican party founded as a direct reaction against
the Kansas-Nebraska Act
The status of slavery in the territories before the
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Slavery not allowed under
Missouri Compromise
Slavery allowed under
Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise of 1820 line
the Kansas-Nebraska Act had a profound
impact on the course of U.S. history
the resumption of the slavery question in the territories
“Bleeding Kansas,” i.e. open warfare in the territory between pro and
anti-slavery forces
political parties realigned along sectional lines
the Democrats became the southern proslavery party
the Whig Party, which had opposed the Act, disappeared in the South
and was fatally wounded in the North
a new party emerged – the Republicans – which took in anti-slavery
Whigs and Democrats and was seen as a mortal threat by the pro-slavery
forces
The dreaded Dred Scott case
• Scott v. Sandford: US Supreme Court opinion,
March 6, 1857
• Slave sues his owner for freedom.
• Supreme Court ruled in favor of the owner.
– Scott was not a citizen of Missouri because “negroes”
were not citizens under the US Constitution.
– Slaves were property and therefore covered under
the 5th Amendment’s right to property.
– Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it
prohibited slavery in northern territories.
– The Court’s opinion implied that Congress did not
have the power to regulate slavery in new territories;
rather, the States controlled the issue of slavery.
1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• US Senate race in Illinois
• Douglas supported slavery
• Lincoln not an abolitionist. Two key quotes:
– “If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong”
– House divided speech: “This government
cannot endure permanently half slave and
half free.”
– Lincoln loses but emerges as a leading
contender for the Republican nomination for
president in 1860.
John Brown’s Raid at
Harper’s Ferry
• Abolitionist and his followers attack a
federal arsenal to arm Virginia’s slaves
• He and his followers are captured and
hanged
• Northerners condemned the violence but
the South was not convinced by their
words
• Southerners feared this was only the
beginning of violence against slaveowners
Election of 1860
• Abraham Lincoln (Republican; promoted Clay’s
American System, exclusion of slavery from the
territories and free soil, free land for
homesteaders and internal improvements to
encourage western settlement);
• Stephen A. Douglas (“Northern” Democrat;
promoted popular sovereignty and enforcement
of the Fugitive Slave Act) supported by northern
Democrats and southern Whigs;
• John C. Breckinridge (“Southern” Democrat;
supported the unrestricted spread of slavery in
the territories and the annexation of Cuba)
supported by the slave states;
• John Bell (Constitutional Union Party; only
position was to “uphold the Constitution”)
180
160
140
120
100
Lincoln
Douglas
Breckinridge
Bell
80
60
40
20
0
BUT
Electoral Vote
2000000
1800000
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
Lincoln
Douglas
Breckinridge
Bell
Popular Vote
Lincoln
scored a
decisive
victory in
electoral
votes
he received
less than
40% of the
popular
vote
Lincoln would not assume the presidency until March
of 1861. By then seven southern states had seceded
and a lame duck President Buchanan and Congress
could do little to stop the dissolution of the Union.
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
The election of Abraham Lincoln was the trigger that set off the first wave of secession in
the southern slave states.
Events Leading up to the Civil War
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3/5ths Compromise
Alien & Sedition Acts/Ky & Va Resolutions = Nullification
Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise)
Nullification Crisis (Tariff of Abominations [1828] & 1832)
Texas Annexation
Mexican-American War
Compromise of 1850
– Fugitive Slave Act
– popular sovereignty
Kansas-Nebraska Act [1854]
“Bleeding Kansas”
Dred Scott Decision
John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry
Election of Abraham Lincoln
Four Major Causes of the Civil War
• 1. slavery as a growing issue in the north versus
its defense and expansion in the south.
• 2. Constitutional disputes over the nature of
state’s rights and the Nature of the Federal
Union.
• 3. Economic differences between the
industrializing North and the agricultural South
over such issues as tariffs, banking, and internal
improvements.
• 4. Political blunders and extremism on both
sides.
Lincoln’s inauguration: March 4, 1861
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the
momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can
have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath
registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most
solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." I am loath to close. We
are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.”
Fort Sumter was running out of supplies when Lincoln assumed the
presidency. He informed the Southern commanders at Charleston, he was
sending cargo ships to re-supply the fort. Lincoln’s message to the South
was if they wanted to start a war here was their chance. On April 10, 1861,
fortress commander Anderson refused Confederate General Beauregard’s
demand to surrender. On April 12th, Confederate batteries opened fire on
the fort. The next day, April 13th, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter
and evacuated. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening
engagement of the Civil War.
Formation of the
Confederate States of America (CSA)
• Southern state
delegates met in
Montgomery, Alabama,
on February 4, 1861
• Wrote constitution to
protect the rights of
slave owners
• Elected Jefferson Davis
first CSA president
Significance of the border
states
Border states allowed slavery, but
were kept in the Union.
Missouri
Kentucky
Delaware
Maryland
They were necessary for Union to
hold at all costs because the
North needed:
– To keep their economic
resources
– To keep their manpower for
the Union war effort
Strengths of the North and South
Union
• Twice as many people
• More manpower for
fighting
• More industry and
railroads
• Better economy and food
production
• Recognition as an
independent nation
• Better political leaders
Confederacy
• Better military leaders
and military tradition
• “The Cause”
• Importance of cotton to
the world economy
• Fighting on home
territory
• Fighting a defensive
rather than offensive war
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & South
Northern strategy to win the war:
“Boa Constrictor” or “Anaconda”
Named for the snake that
squeezes its prey to death, the
strategy was designed to
strangle the South.
Devised by General Winfield
Scott here are the major
elements:
Capture the Confederate
capital city of Richmond and the
rest of Virginia
Invade Tennessee to move into
the south
Strike along the Mississippi
River to split the Confederacy
Blockade all southern ports to
prevent imports
This plan helped Grant at
the end of the war.
The Progress of War:
1861-1865
Southern Strategy
The south desperately needed
support from foreign
governments to succeed in
the war because they lacked
the resources necessary to
win. They believed that
Europe’s dependency on
Southern cotton would gain
their support. Their strategy
was the fight a defensive war
and only attack when victory
seemed likely. The two major
offensives by the south at
Antietam and Gettysburg both
ended in failures.
General Robert E. Lee
The North mobilized the military
At the time of the war, the
northern army only had
about 16,000 men. Lincoln
called for the states to
provide 75,000 militia
troops. Many joined to
collect bounties, a bonus for
joining the military.
Not enough volunteers
joined the military, forcing
Congress to pass the
Enrollment Act in March
1863. The Confederacy did it
first in 1862, the first draft
Veterans were
paid bounties
of $400 to reenlist, while
new recruits
were paid
$300.
$300 in 2005=$4,500
Soldiers’ Occupations:
North/South Combined
The “substitute” system
In the South, it was known as “a rich man’s
war…but a poor man’s fight”
Northern men could hire someone to
take their place in military service for
$300.
Substitutions were legal under the
Enrollment Act of 1863.
Substitution rate eventually raised to
$400.
Confederate law also allowed for
substitutes and exemptions for
planters with more than 20 slaves.
Draft riots in New York targeted
those thought to be able to afford
substitutes as well as blacks.
Dissenters
A dissenter is someone who disagrees. Every wartime
President has dealt with dissenters. Although Lincoln
respected civil liberties, he had to deal with sedition
(speech that advocates revolution against
government).
Lincoln took the following steps to deal with
dissenters:
Sent troops to stop protests or riots
Suspended habeas corpus (a citizen’s constitutional
right to having formal charges brought up against him
in a court of law)
Seized telegraph offices
The Supreme Court ruled that Lincoln went beyond
his Constitutional authority. He ignored the ruling.
Lincoln and the Copperheads
Lincoln’s major political
opposition came from the
Copperheads or Peace
Democrats. They were
Northern Democrats who
sympathized with the South.
The most famous Copperhead
was Congressman Clement
Vallandigham of Ohio who
encouraged soldiers to desert
and supported an armistice.
He was eventually banished to
the South after a military trial.
Jefferson Davis in the south
also dealt severe penalties to
northern sympathizers.
Vallandigham
Other Civil War military
“firsts”
•The Minié ball
•Repeating rifles
•Heavy artillery
•Trench Warfare
•Significant use of railroads
•Land mines
•Telescopic rifle sights
•Submarines
•Balloons
•Gatling guns
•Ironclads
•Mortars
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March 8, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
(CSS Virginia)
Abolitionists pushed Lincoln to free the slaves
Many prominent
northerners, like Douglass
and Greeley, began to call
for abolition of slavery.
Lincoln resisted because he
feared the border states
would secede.
Frederick Douglass
Seward suggested to wait
for a battle victory before
announcing Emancipation
Proclamation.
President
Lincoln
Horace Greeley
Secretary
of State
William H.
Seward
Statistics from the Battle at Antietam
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
September 17, 1862
Dead
Wounded
Captured/Miss.
Union
CSA
Nine times more Americans
died at Antietam than in
the D-Day invasion, the
bloodiest single day of
World War II. This single
day’s battle included more
casualties than the entire
Revolutionary War, War of
1812, and SpanishAmerican War combined.
Antietam gave Lincoln
the victory he needed to
announce the
Emancipation
Proclamation. On
September 22, 1862, he
made the
announcement, which
would take effect
January 1, 1863.
The Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issued the Proclamation five days after Antietam.
“On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as
slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall
be then in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and
forever free.”
However, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free many slaves. For
example, the border slave states still loyal to the Union were not affected
because Lincoln was concerned that these states might secede if he freed their
slaves. Also, the Proclamation obviously did not have any effect in the
Confederacy.
It was not until the Thirteenth Amendment, passed shortly before the end of
the Civil War, that all slaves were given their freedom.
3 major immediate effects of the
Emancipation Proclamation
1. “Union in the North” Many northerners had previously
lost morale. The Proclamation gave the North a moral
cause, something beyond Lincoln’s original goal of
preserving the Union.
2. “Disunion in the South” The Confederacy relied on slave
labor to maintain its farms as white males went to fight
in the war. As slaves heard about Lincoln’s action, many
deserted their plantations as the Union army drew
nearer, which hurt the Southern economy and forced
some men to remain at home rather than fight.
3. “Kept Britain out of the war” Since Britain had recently
abolished slavery in the whole of the British Empire it
was impossible to support a people whose constitution
protected slavery.
Battle of Gettysburg statistics
July 1 – 3, 1863
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
Union
CSA
20,000
10,000
0
Engaged
Casualties
Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
Siege of Vicksburg
May 25 – July 4, 1863
Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed
the Mississippi River and besieged the Confederate army at the fortress city of
Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Confederate surrender after nearly 2 months of
fighting yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union. The Confederate
surrender at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Robert E.
Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war.
The Confederates
surrendered at 10 p.m.
on July 3, 1863, and
white surrender flags
were flown throughout
the city July 4, 1863.
After the surrender of the city of
Vicksburg, the Stars and Stripes
were flown from the county
courthouse. The Fourth of July
would not be celebrated again in
Vicksburg for 81 years.
General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Wilmer
McLean’s home in the town of Appomattox Court House,
Virginia, April 9, 1865
•Confederate officers could
keep their side arms and
personal possessions
•Officers and men who
claimed to own their
horses could keep them
•Each officer and man was
allowed to return to their
home, “not to be disturbed
by the United States
authorities.”
•Grant also offered Lee
25,000 food rations for
Confederate soldiers
After the
surrender
Lee rode
off on his
horse
Traveller
Casualties on Both Sides
The Civil War saw the greatest number of
deaths of any American war
700000
600000
CIVIL WAR [625,000]
500000
WW 2 [405,399]
WW I [116,516]
400000
VIETNAM WAR [58,151]
KOREAN [36,316]
300000
REVOLUTION [8000]
WAR ON TERROR [6280]
200000
WAR OF 1812 [2260]
MEXICAN WAR [1733]
100000
GULF WAR [113]
0
TOTAL DEATHS
The Civil War and its aftermath
impoverished the South and dramatically
decreased its share of the nation’s wealth
between 1860 and 1870.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
88
75
North
South
25
12
% of wealth in
1860
% of wealth in
1870
Effects of the War
• Freed the slaves.
• The 13th amendment, 1865.
• Inflation rose: prices rose 80% in the north between
1860 and 1865.
• Government debt rose. The North borrowed $2.6 Billion
to fight the war. Enacted a series of tariffs. Issued $430
million in paper money called greenbacks.
• New roles for women.
–
–
–
–
–
Absence of men
Worked on farms and plantations
Factory work
Nursing opened up to them for the first time
Gave impetus to the women’s rights movement
Inflation in the South
Effects of the War continued
Possible Abuses of Civil Liberties
• Habeas Corpus suspended
• Military tribunals to try spies and other
enemies of the state
• Freedom of speech suspended
• Martial law
Effects of the War continued
Destruction in the South
• 9,000 miles of railroads.
• Farmland. Buildings, machinery, work
animals and 1/3 of all livestock.
• Bridges, roads, canals.
• Factories.
• Southern land values dropped 70%.