* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1 st and 2 nd person pronouns
Chichewa tenses wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Archaic Dutch declension wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish verbs wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek verbs wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin conjugation wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Latvian declension wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ Reference ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TERM 4 IA – Final Exam Study Guide ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Skills & Knowledge for the IA Discipulī need to be able to: a) CONJUGATE & TRANSLATE any regular verb (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3rd –io, 4th) in the PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, and FUTURE PERFECT tense in both ACTIVE and PASSIVE voices. b) TRANSLATE the IMPERATIVE MOOD. c) RECOGNIZE, TRANSLATE & DECLINE any noun of the first, second, or third declension in the NOMINATIVE, GENITIVE, DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE, ABLATIVE, and VOCATIVE cases. d) IDENTIFY the CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER of adjectives and MATCH them with the NOUNS with which they agree. e) RECOGNIZE and TRANSLATE a form of is, ea, id as either a PRONOUN or an ADJECTIVE. f) RECOGNIZE and TRANSLATE a form of 1st and 2nd person PRONOUNS. g) RECOGNIZE VOCABULARY items and TRANSLATE appropriately (Total of 6 lists) h) PRODUCE and RECOGNIZE ALL FOUR PRINCIPAL PARTS of every Latin verb for which they are responsible. i) RECOGNIZE & ANNOTATE VERBS, SUBJECTS, DIRECT OBJECTS, PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, and GENITIVE NOUNS. j) READ and CONVERT ROMAN NUMERALS and ARABIC NUMERALS. k) TRANSLATE sentences from Latin to English. l) READ, UNDERSTAND, and ANSWER comprehension questions about a Latin passage. GRAMMAR REVIEW MORPHOLOGY/FORMS - Review your handouts and notes for the following: For Nouns, you must know... how to identify the gender of a noun how to identify to which declension any noun belongs declension endings for 6 cases, singular and plural, in the 1st declension, 2nd declension, and 3rd declension for all genders the NEUTER RULE: for every neuter noun in Latin, the nominative and accusative are identical For Verbs, you must know... how to find the present stem of a verb how to find the perfect stem of a verb to which conjugation number any verb belongs the six active personal endings used in the present system (i.e. the present, imperfect, and future tenses) for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person in the singular and plural 1 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ the six passive personal endings used in the present system the six personal endings used in the perfect tense for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person in the singular and plural what an infinitive is, and how they are formed in the active and passive voices what the each tense is and how it is formed and translated in both the active and passive voices what the imperative mood is, and how it is formed in the active and passive voices, singular and plural the forms of the irregular verb sum, esse, fuī in the present, imperfect, future, and perfect tenses how to form and translate compounds of the verb sum, esse, fuī (ex. adsum, possum) For Adjectives, you must know... that adjectives agree with a noun in case, number, and gender, and not necessarily according to ending that feminine adjectives borrow their ending from the 1st declension that masculine adjectives borrow their endings from the 2nd declension that neuter adjectives borrow their endings from the 2nd declension neuter NOUNS When a NOUN is 1st DECLENSION, the GENITIVE singular ends in –_____ When a NOUN is 2nd DECLENSION, the GENITIVE singular ends in – _____ When a NOUN is 3rd DECLENSION, the GENITIVE singular ends in – _____ A noun is DECLINED by removing the GENITIVE SG. ending to find the NOUN STEM, and adding endings: 1st Declension SG. PL. 2nd Declension SG. PL. 2nd Declension - Neuter SG. PL. _____ _____ -us / r _____ _____ -a -ae -ārum -ī _____ -ī _____ DATIVE _____ _____ _____ -īs _____ _____ ACCUSATIVE _____ _____ _____ -ōs _____ _____ ABLATIVE _____ -īs -ō _____ _____ _____ NOMINATIVE GENITIVE 3rd Declension 3rd Declension Neuter SG. PL. SG. PL. _____ _____ ** -a -is _____ -is _____ DATIVE _____ -ibus _____ _____ ACCUSATIVE _____ -ēs _____ _____ ABLATIVE _____ _____ _____ _____ NOMINATIVE GENITIVE ** REMEMBER THE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR OF THE 3RD DECLENSION CAN BE ANYTHING. THERE IS NO SET ENDING- TO FIND THE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR FOR A 3RD DECLENSION NOUN, LOOK AT THE FIRST WORD OF ITS DICTIONARY ENTRY** 2 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ 3RD PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN/ADJECTIVE- IS, EA, ID is, ea, id can function either as a PRONOUN or as an ADJECTIVE. If it is a PRONOUN, it takes the place of a noun previously understood or stated. It shares NUMBER and GENDER of the noun it refers to, but takes its CASE from its use in its own clause. It is translated as he/him (masc. sg.), she/her (fem. sg.), it (neut. sg.), they/them (all genders, pl.) If it is an ADJECTIVE, it agrees with, or modifies, another noun in the same GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE (GNC). It is translated as this/that in the singular, or these/those in the plural. SINGULAR MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER is ea id Genitive _____ eius _____ Dative _____ _____ eī Accusative _____ _____ _____ eō _____ _____ MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Nominative _____ eae _____ Genitive eōrum _____ _____ eīs _____ eīs Accusative _____ eās _____ Ablative _____ _____ eīs Nominative Ablative PLURAL Dative 1ST AND 2ND PERSON PRONOUNS The following pronouns stand in for first and second person entities. 1st PERSON SINGULAR 2nd PERSON PLURAL egō I _____ of me tuī _____ to/for me _____ mē _____ tē you _____ by/with me _____ _____ PLURAL you _____ _____ to/for you PLURAL 3 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ _____ we vōs _____ of us _____ _____ _____ vōbīs to/for you all nōs us _____ _____ nōbīs by/with us _____ _____ of you all by/with you all VERBS PERSONAL ENDINGS in the PRESENT SYSTEM (i.e. present, imperfect, and future tenses) ACTIVE 1st person singular – “I” – ō or m 1st person plural – “we” – mus 2nd person singular – “you” – s 2nd person plural – “you all” – tis 3rd person singular – “she/he/it” - t 3rd person plural – “they” – nt 1 person singular – “I” – r or or 2nd person singular – “you” – ris or re 3rd person singular – “she/he/it” - tur st PASSIVE 1st person plural – “we” – mur 2nd person plural – “you all” – minī 3rd person plural – “they” – ntur PERSONAL ENDINGS for the PERFECT TENSE (active voice) 1st person singular – “I” – ī 1st person plural – “we” – imus 2nd person singular – “you” – istī 2nd person plural – “you all” – istis 3rd person singular – “she/he/it” - it 3rd person plural – “they” – ērunt ACTIVE VOICE VERBS PRESENT TENSE: IMPERFECT TENSE: FUTURE TENSE: PERFECT TENSE: PLUPERFECT TENSE: FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: 4 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ 1st conjugation mutō, mutāre, mutāvī, mutātus to change PRESENT SYSTEM PRESENT TENSE mutō mutāmus I change we change IMPERFECT TENSE mutābam mutābāmus I was changing we were changing mutābātis mutābās you all were you were changing changing mutābat mutābant h/s/I was changing they were changing PERFECT SYSTEM FUTURE TENSE mutābō mutābimus I will change we will change mutābitis mutābis you all will you will change change mutābit mutābunt h/s/i will change they will change PERFECT TENSE PLUPERFECT TENSE mutāvī I changed mutāvimus you all changed mutāveram I had changed mutāveramus you all had changed mutāvistī you changed mutāvistis they changed mutāveras you had changed mutāveratis you all had changed mutāvit h/s/i changed mutāvērunt they changed mutāverat h/s/I had changed mutāverant they had changed FUTURE PERFECT TENSE mutāverimus mutāverō we will have I will have changed changed mutāveris mutāveritis you will have you all will have changed changed mutāverit mutāverint h/s/i will have they will have changed changed mutās you change mutātis you all change mutat h/s/i changes mutant they change PASSIVE VOICE VERBS PRESENT TENSE: IMPERFECT TENSE: FUTURE TENSE: PERFECT TENSE: PLUPERFECT TENSE: FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: 5 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ 1st conjugation mutō, mutāre, mutāvī, mutātus to change PRESENT SYSTEM PRESENT TENSE mutor I am change mutāmur we are change mutāris you are changed mutātur h/s/i is changed mutāminī you all are changed mutantur they are changed IMPERFECT TENSE mutābāmur mutābar we were being I was being changed changed mutābāris mutābāminī you were being you all were being changed changed mutābātur mutābantur h/s/I was being they were being changed changed PERFECT SYSTEM PERFECT TENSE mutātī sumus mutātus sum we were I was changed changed mutātus es mutātī estis you were you all were changed changed PLUPERFECT TENSE mutātī eramus mutātus eram you all had been I had been changed changed mutātus eras mutātī eratis you had been you all had been changed changed mutātus est he was changed mutātus erat he had been changed mutātī sunt they were changed mutātī erant they had been changed FUTURE TENSE mutābor I will be changed mutāberis you will be changed mutābitur h/s/i will be changed mutābimur we will be changed mutābiminī you all will be changed mutābuntur they will be changed FUTURE PERFECT TENSE mutātus erō mutātī erimus I will have been we will have been changed changed mutātus eris mutātī eritis you will have been you all will have changed been changed mutātī erunt mutātus erit they will have been he will have been changed changed The INFINITIVE The INFINITIVE is so-called because it is NOT a finite verb, i.e. it is not bounded by person and number, but instead refers to general ongoing verbal action. The second principal part of any Latin verb is its PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE. of the verb putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus the second principal part pugnāre = “to think” of the verb nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī, nescītus the second principal part nescīre = “to not know” of the verb petō, petere, petīvī, petītus, the second principal part petēre = “to seek” To create the PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE, add –ī to the end of the PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE putāre + ī = putāre = “to be thought” nescīre + ī = nescīrī = “to be unknown” In the 3rd conjugation and the 3rd conjugation-io, the short e stem vowel disappears entirely. Thus: petere + ī = petere – (ere) + ( ī ) = petī = “to be sought” 6 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ The IMPERATIVE The IMPERATIVE is a separate MOOD of Latin verbs. It is not used for stating facts or asking matter-of-fact questions, as are all the other verb forms we have learned, but for giving commands. Because a command is always issued in the second person, the only distinctions in the IMPERATIVE MOOD are between singular and plural number (is the command being given to one person or many?) and between active and passive voices (is the command to do an action, or receive an action?) SINGULAR PLURAL ACTIVE = PRESENT STEM PASSIVE = 2 PP Ex. mutā change! Ex. mutāre be changed! = PRESENT STEM + -te =PRESENT STEM + -minī Ex. mutāte change! Ex. mutāmini be changed! nd ROMAN NUMERALS The Roman numbering system uses letters to represent numbers: X _____ _____ _____ _____ 1 5 50 100 _____ D M _____ _____ To calculate a number written in this system, read from left to right, ADDING as you go: MMCLVII = M + M + C + L + V + I + I = 1,000 + 1,000 + 100 + 50 + 5 + 2 = 2,157 In an instance in which a smaller number is found to the LEFT of a larger number, SUBTRACT the smaller number from the larger number: MCDLIX = M + (D – C) + L + (X – I) = 1,000 + (500 – 100) + 50 + (10 – 1) = 1,000 + 400 + 50 + 9 = 1,459 7 Nōmen _________________________ Diēs ____________ Latin I, R _______ META-SYNOPSIS Each verb has ________Principal Parts 1st = _________ō 2nd = _________re 3rd = _________ī to VERB I VERBed 4th = _________us Directions: Fill in the missing blanks with the FORMULAE for forming or translating each tense/voice/mood combination of a Latin verb ACTIVE VOICE Latin English PRESENT Present Stem (2nd principal part) + APE (I) VERB FUTURE (I) will VERB Perfect Stem + PfPE PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERF. (I) had VERBed IMPERAT. (PL.) (I) had been VERBed Perfect Stem (3rd principal part) + future form of sum 2nd PP – (er)e + ī INFINITIVES IMPERAT. (SG.) (I am) VERBed Present Stem + bā/ēbā + PPE IMPERFECT PERFECT PASSIVE VOICE Latin English Present Stem be VERBed! VERB! 8