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Advantages and Disadvantages North/Union •Larger population •More factories •More Railroads •Navy __________________ •Had to conquer south South/Confederacy •Smaller Population •Fewer Factories •Fewer Railroads __________________ •Excellent Generals (Lee, Jackson) •Outdoor traditionexperience with guns •Defensive War Strategies North/Union •Capture Richmond (confed. capital) •Anaconda Plan- strangle the south •Gain control of Mississippi River •Naval blockade •Utilize superior numbers & resources but this took time South/Confederacy •Capture Washington DC, invade the North •Demoralize the Union •Help from 3.5 million slaves •Cotton diplomacy- help from England & France The first engagement of the Civil War took place at Fort Sumter on April 12 and 13, 1861. After 34 hours of fighting, the Union surrendered the fort to the Confederates. From 1863 to 1865, the Confederates at Fort Sumter withstood a 22 month siege by Union forces. During this time, most of the fort was reduced to brick rubble. Fort Sumter- April 1861 • First Battle, Confederates taking federal forts, mints, arsenals. • Strategic location- harbor of Charleston, SC • Union Major Robert Anderson running out of supplies, asked for more. • Lincoln’s Dilemma: let it fall and look weak or lose other states (only deep S. had seceded) • Resupply but without armies or arms • Confederates attacked, Anderson surrendered • Results: 0 dead, AK, NC, TN & VA. secede. • DE, KY, MD, MO loyal to Union, also W. VA. Fort Sumter Charleston Harbor, South Carolina Union Commander : Major Anderson Confederate Commander: General Beauregard April 12-14, 1861 Casualties:None Winner:Confederate Significance: •First battle of Civil War. •Raised false hopes for a quick war. •Lincoln then asked for 100,000 volunteers. •General Beauregard was a student of Major Anderson while at Westpoint...weird!! Homefront • Women replaced male factory workers (100,000 jobs in arsenals, factories, sewing rooms) • Mary Boykin Chestnutdiary of a southern woman: frustrated with failures of southern leaders, watched “with horror and amazement (as) the only world we cared for, (was) literally kicked to pieces” (Boyer, 378) Mary Boykin Chestnut Source: http://s3.amazonaws.com/findagrave/photos/2002/167/8574_ 1024321157.jpg Weapons of Mass Destruction • "People who are anxious to bring on war don't know what they are bargaining for; they don't see all the horrors that must accompany such an event.“ – Thomas J. Jackson Weapons of Mass Destruction • Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards. Destruction from Artillery • In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power. • Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is over one mile!. • Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards. Opposition to the War • North/Union • South/Confederacy • Copperheads- northerners • Opposed the draftwho sympathized with Confederacy passed 1st the South conscription act in US • Lincoln suspended history habeas corpus- jailed • Poor ended up fighting them without trials for more- plantation the duration of the war owners bought their • Draft Riots, e.g. in NY way out of service after Emancipation• Argued for state’s wanted to fight for the rights Union, not for slaves. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD • This was a movement to help escaped slaves make their way from the slave-owning southern states up through the northern states, and eventually into Canada. • This was accomplished by secretly transporting slaves from one safe house to another, steadily moving north until freedom was secured. MAP OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AREAS COVERED • The Underground Railroad stretched from Kentucky and Virginia across Ohio & Indiana. • In the Northerly direction, it stretched from Maryland, across Pennsylvania & into New York & through New England • The Underground Railroad helped over ~ 100,000 slaves escape. Safe-House How quilts used on the Underground Railroad? •Many quilts had stitches that were used as maps. Maps for the road heading North, Maps of the Plantation. •They included the manner of how to act and what to wear on the escape route North •Quilts also included well wishes, and a way to ward off evil spirits for their journey North SIGNIFICANT FIGURES & SAFEHOUSES • Harriet Tubman • James Fairfield—pretended to be a slave trader. • Thomas Garrett-A Quaker business man who helped over 2700 slaves. • William Still-former slave who purchase his own freedom & then became an abolitionists • Frederick Douglass-African American abolitionist • John Parker-Son of a white businessman and a slave; helped over 400 slaves. • • • • The Henry Quinby farm David H. Richardson’s farm The Warrant farm in Brighton The old Frederick Douglass home near Highland Park • A cluster of houses where numerous Quakers lived. That is now the area where the war Memorial building is. • Harvey Humphrey estate. • *All these stations are located in Rochester. Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia First Battle of Bull Run July 1861 Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training Union troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops. First Bull Run Manassas, Virginia Union Commander: General Irwin McDowell Confederate Commander: General Joe Johnston July 21, 1861 Casualties: Union-2,446, Confederate-1,600 Winner: Confederate Stonewall Jackson Significance: •First large battle of the war. •Confederates routed an unprepared Union force. •Casualties shocked the North and South. •They now believed the war would not be quick nor easy. •During this battle, General Thomas J. Jackson earned the name, “Stonewall” by inspiring his troops to stand firm under the Union attack. Shiloh was a decisive and bloody battl. The South needed a win to make up defeats in Kentucky and Tennessee. It also needed to stop the Union’s attack down the Mississippi Valley. Memphis and Vicksburg were now vulnerable, and after Corinth there was now doubt that those cities would be the next targets. Johnston and Beauregard made a surprise attack while the Union rested. Grant and his men lost their overconfidence after this near defeat. They now knew that this war was going to be, in the words of a Union Soldier, "A very bloody affair." The Confederacy caught General Grant by surprise and almost destroyed his army the first day. On the second day Grant was reinforced and forced the Confederates back to Corinth. Shiloh, Tennessee Union Commander: General Ulysses Grant Confederate: General Albert Sydney Johnston April 6-7, 1862 Casualties: Union-13,047 Confederate-10,694 Winner: Union Significance: •This ended the Southern hope of ever regaining Tennessee. •The first battle with truly large casualties. The casualties were higher than any America had ever seen. •Grant temporarily lost his position in command. •This greatly slowed the Union advance down the Mississippi valley To the right is a monument where he fell. General Albert Sydney Johnston was considered the finest general in either army before the war began. He bled to death on the first day of Shiloh from a wound to the leg while leading a charge through an orchard. Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland The single bloodiest day of the Civil War Lee invaded Maryland hoping the state would help the South. Instead, Lee was pinned down at Antietam creek by George McClellan after his plans were discovered wrapped around some cigars. 2nd Bullrun Antietam Creek Sharpsburg, Maryland Union Commander: General George McClellan Confederate Commander:General Robert E. Lee September 17, 1862 Casualties: Union-12,410 Confederate-13,724 Winner: Union…barely! Significance: •One of only 2 major battles fought in the North. •The bloodiest day of the war. •The Union forced Lee back to the South. •This victory was what Lincoln needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Soldiers’ Experiences • Enthusiasm to enlist, boredom set in during training (baseball invented during rest time) • Shortages: food, uniforms (Union-blue, Confederacy- Gray), shoes • Illnesses (influenza, typhoid, pneumonia) & lack of sanitary medical treatment & anesthesia (pain-killers)- many died from infected wounds (including Stonewall Jackson) • As war continued became “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight,” desertion common General Joseph Hooker took control of the Union Army after General Burnside made his blunder at Fredericksburg. One part of his army crossed the Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg, the other crossed the river 12 miles to the north at Chancellorsville. Hooker successfully outflanked Lee. Or so he thought…. At 6 PM on May 2nd, Jackson launched his attack on the unsuspecting Union flank. Meanwhile Jackson himself was wounded by his own men. He died a few days later. Hooker ordered his forces to attack from the south and they were successful in driving back the rebels. This force was ordered to advance and attack Lee's main body from the rear. Unfortunately, the inactivity of Hookers forces in front of Lee allowed him to turn his army to the rear. The Union forces were forced back across the Rappahannock. Once again Lees superior generalship and Union incompetence had bested a Union forces twice his size. Joseph Hooker Lee Chancellorsville, Virginia Union Commander: General Joseph Hooker Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee May 1-4, 1863 Casualties: Union-17,278 Confederates12,821 Winner: Confederacy Significance: •Hooker was out maneuvered by Lee and Stonewall Jackson. •Considered the greatest Confederate victory of the war. •Stonewall Jackson was accidently shot by his own troops. He died a week later. At the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi River was the single most important economic feature of the continent. Confederate forces closed the river, which hurt the northern economy. Grant realized that Vicksburg could not be taken by storm and decided to lay siege to the city. Slowly his army established a line of trenches and dirt forts around Vicksburg and cut it off from supply and communications with the outside world. Starting in May Union forces constructed thirteen trenches aimed at different points along the Confederate defense. In June they dug up to the Confederate line, tunneled underneath, and blew up the tunnels filled with black powder to destroy the rebel trenches. The rebels were out of food, out of ammunition and they were clearly losing. They surrendered on July 4th. Vicksburg, Mississippi Union Commander: General Ulysses Grant Confederate: General Joseph E. Johnston May 19- July 4 1863 Casualties: Union Casualties: 10,142 Confederate Casualties: 9,091 Winner: Union Significance: •Grant was bogged down for 3 months •It was the most important victory in the west. •Vicksburg was the key to the Mississippi. •The Confederacy was split in two by the mighty river. - Little Roundtop Robert E. Lee Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Union Commander : General George Meade Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee July 1-3, 1863 Casualties: Union-23,049 Confederate-28,063 Winner: Union After success at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee invades the north again. After trying to break the union lines for 2 days, Lee tries a frontal assault on entrenched union forces. This was known as Pickett’s charge. This attempt failed miserably. Lee ultimately retreats to Virginia. Significance: •The turning point of the war. •This would be the last chance for the South to win the war and threaten the North. Joshua Chamberlain. Former teacher turned hero at Gettysburg. Colonel Chamberlain and the 20th Maine held the extreme left flank of the Union line against a fierce rebel attack, and the surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox, when Grant chose Chamberlain to receive the formal surrender of weapons and colors Summer 1864 Campaign • Lincoln promoted Grant to chief general b/c able to use N. soldiers/supplies • War of attrition: Grant’s plan to march on Richmond, until S. out of men/supplies/will • Pushed into Wilderness (Chancellorsville) losing men, pushed on • May 10-19 Spotsylvania Court House, VA losing men, kept on • Mid-June Petersburg VA. RR center, called off assault, siege to Petersburg • Results: 60,000 Union casualties, but strategy succeeding because the Union had more men Sherman’s March to Sea • Union general William Tecumseh Sherman • Sherman commander of Ten army, campaign to destroy S. RR/industries • 100,000 troops toward Atlanta, outmaneuvered Johnston, defeated Hood • Atlanta fell September 2, 1864, Sherman burned it • Result: Confed. Lost last RR link across Appalachian Mts. • President Lincoln (in danger of not getting nomination) re-elected over McClellan • Renewed hope that conflict would soon end Sherman’s March to Sea • Sherman towards Savannah, took supplies, destroyed things for Confederates • Uprooted crops, burned farmhouses, slaughtered livestock, tore up RR • Strategy of total war against troops and economic resources, • “must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war…” • Result: effective but left deep/bitter scars across the South • Reached Savannah in 12/1864, resupplied by Union navy (Xmas gift to AL) Atlanta, Georgia (Sherman’s march to the sea) Union Commander: General William Sherman Confederate Commander: General John Hood July 20-September 2, 1864 Casualties: Union-31,623 Confederate-35,044 Winner: Union Significance: The siege of Atlanta by General Sherman ended with the burning of the city by Union troops. After burning the city, Sherman began his famous march to the sea, during which his troops looted and plundered their way across Georgia, destroying nearly everything in their path. On April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee surrendered his army of Northern Virginia in a little village called Appomattox Courthouse. Lee surrendered formally to Ulysses S. Grant. The papers of formal surrender were signed in the home of Wilmer Mclean, whose first house was damaged during the first battle of the Civil War. April 1865- Appomattox • Conciliatory tone (quotations, p. 395) • Lee rode off, Union troops celebrating, Grant silenced them: • “the war is over, the rebels are our countrymen again.” • Lee to his men, did all I could, you did duty, leave the rest to God, return home • April 26, 1865 General Joseph Johnston surrendered to Sherman under similar terms at Durham Station, NC Lee surrendered to Grant in this home.