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PARTICIPLES What is a participle? A participle is a verbal adjective. It retains characteristics of both parts of speech; that is, a participle acts like both an adjective and a verb. This sentence, in Latin, would have 4 participles: The cooked food, having been prepared with great care, was hot, steaming, and about to be eaten. This sentence, in Latin, could have 2 or 3 participles: The barking dog, about to eat the food, had been restrained by his owner who was sweating from the effort. Like an adjective: o a participle describes/modifies a noun o a Latin participle must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number and case. Like a verb: o a participle will have a tense, either in the present, future, or perfect. o a participle will also have voice, indicating whether the subject is performing the action (active voice) or receiving the action (passive voice). o also, participles in the active voice may take objects if the verb from which the participle derives takes an object (i.e. if the participle is created from a transitive verb). i PARTICIPLES E.g. If the original verb means “see,” its participles are: “seeing” (present active) o SAMPLE SENTENCES: “Lincoln was shot (while/as he was) seeing the play.” “A seeing person does not face the same challenges as a visually impaired person” “having been seen” (perfect passive) o SAMPLE SENTENCES: “With the play having been seen, the audience slowly shuffled out of the theater.” “(Having been) seen by the cops, the thug didn’t even bother to flush the weed down the toilet.” “about to see” (future active) o SAMPLE SENTENCES: “I am about to see whether you understand participles or not.” “About to see the movie, Jeff got a call on his tricked-out Bluetooth-cellphonular camera-thingy and was booed by the other patrons.” Any of these participles can describe a noun and each tense/voice of the participle has its own rules of formation in Latin. ii PARTICIPLES FUNCTION OF THE PARTICIPLE The participle shares the characteristics of two other parts of speech. A participle is like a verb, in that it expresses an action and has tense and voice. It also takes a direct object if it is active and transitive. It is a verbal adjective and like any other adjective it will have case, number, and gender and will modify a noun. TENSES OF THE PARTICIPLE The tenses of the participle, like those of the infinitive, are relative to the time of the main verb. The present participle describes an action contemporaneous with that of the main verb The perfect participle describes an action prior to that of the main verb The future participle describes an action after or subsequent to that of the main verb. iii PARTICIPLES FORMATION OF PARTICIPLES There are four participles in Latin, including the present and future in the active voice, and the perfect in the passive voice (N.B. there is also a future passive participle which we will study more later). Present Active Participle: the present active participle is formed as follows. 1. First and second conjugations: add -ns to the present stem. voco, present stem vocā + ns = vocāns, calling. moneo, present stem monē + ns = monēns, warning. 2. Third (including Third –IO) and fourth conjugations: add -ēns to the present stem. rego, present stem reg + ēns = regēns, ruling. capio, present stem capi + ēns = capiēns, capturing. audio, present stem audi + ēns = audiēns, hearing. iv PARTICIPLES Perfect Passive Participle: The perfect passive participle is the fourth principal part declined as a first and second declension adjective (like parātus, -a, -um). vocātus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um rectus, -a, -um captus, -a, -um audītus, -a, -um having been called having been warned having been ruled having been captured having been heard Future Active Participle: This participle is formed by adding -ūrus, ūra, -ūrum to the base of the fourth principal part. It is also declined like a 2-1-2 or first and second declension adjective (like bonus, -a, um) vocatūrus, -a , -um monitūrus, -a, -um rectūrus, -a, -um captūrus, -a, -um audītūrus, -a, -um going to call, about to call going to warn, about to warn going to rule, about to rule going to capture, about to capture going to hear, about to hear The irregular verb sum, esse has only one participle form, the future active: futūrus, -a, -um, “going to be, about to be.” v PARTICIPLES Future Passive Participle: This participle is formed similarly to the rules for forming present active participles. Instead of adding –ns to the present stem, however, you add –(e)ndus, -a, -um. The participle is declined like a 2-1-2 adjective or first and second declension adjective. 1. First and second conjugations: add –ndus, -a, -um to the present stem. voco, present stem vocā + ndus, -a, -um = vocāndus, vocānda, vocāndum, to be called, going to be called, about to be called. moneo, present stem monē + ndus, -a, -um = monēndus, monēnda, monēndum, to be warned, about to be warned, going to be warned. 2. Third (including Third –IO) and fourth conjugations: add -endus, a, -um to the present stem. rego, present stem reg + endus, -a, -um = regendus, regenda, regendum, to be ruled, about to be ruled, going to be ruled. capio, present stem capi + endus, -a, -um = capiendus, capienda, capiendum, to be captured, about to be captured, going to be captured. audio, present stem audi + endus, -a, -um = audiendus, audienda, audiendum, to be heard, about to be heard, going to be heard. vi PARTICIPLES SUMMARY OF PARTICIPLES The following summary lists an example of the participle for each conjugation. Active Passive Present: vocāns, vocantis monēns, monentis regēns, regentis capiēns, capientis audiēns, audientis NA... (dum/cum clause) Perfect: arbitrātus, -a, -um pollicitus, -a, -um secūtus, -a, -um gressus, -a, -um ortus, -a, -um vocatus, vocatī monitus, monitī rectus, rectī captus, captī auditus, auditī Future: vocaturus, vocaturī moniturus, moniturī recturus, recturī capturus, capturī auditurus, auditurī vocandus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um regendus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um vii PARTICIPLES DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLES The perfect passive, future active, and future passive participles are declined like first and second declension adjectives. The present active participle is declined like a third declension adjective, except it can have an –e in the ablative singular as well as an –ī (recall that third declension adjectives in the positive degree had only an –ī in the ablative singular). The present participle uses the –e ending in the ablative singular when operating as a participle or substantive. If it is working just as an adjective, the ending is –ī. adjective use: participle use: substantive use: by a wise man, ā sapientī virō with Caesar ruling Rome, Caesare Rōmam rēgente he was hurt by a lover, ab amante laesus est Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural M. & F. N. M. & F. N. vocāns vocāns vocantis vocantis vocantī vocantī vocantem vocāns vocante/ī vocante/ī vocantēs vocantia vocantium vocantibus vocantēs vocantia vocantibus Cavē! Be sure you can distinguish how to decline third declension adjectives in the positive degree, present active participles, and third declension adjectives in the comparative degree. Each is slightly different from the others with regard to how many “–i”s to incorporate. viii PARTICIPLES Note on English participles: (taken from www.dictionary.com) par·ti·ci·ple P Pronunciation Key (pär t -s p l) n. A form of a verb that in some languages, such as English, can function independently as an adjective, as the past participle baked in We had some baked beans, and is used with an auxiliary verb to indicate tense, aspect, or voice, as the past participle baked in the passive sentence The beans were baked too long. [Middle English, from Old French, variant of participe, from Latin participium (translation of Greek metokhē, sharing, partaking, participle), from particeps, particip-, partaker. See participate.] Usage Note: Participial phrases such as walking down the street or having finished her homework are commonly used in English to modify nouns or pronouns, but care must be taken in incorporating such phrases into sentences. Readers will ordinarily associate a participle with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun adjacent to it, and misplacement may produce comic effects as in He watched his horse take a turn around the track carrying a racing sheet under his arm. A correctly placed participial phrase leaves no doubt about what is being modified: Sitting at her desk, Jane read the letter carefully. Another pitfall in using participial phrases is illustrated in the following sentence: Turning the corner, the view was quite different. Grammarians would say that such a sentence contains a “dangling participle” because there is no noun or pronoun in the sentence that the participial phrase could logically modify. Moving the phrase will not solve the problem ix PARTICIPLES (as it would in the sentence about the horse with a racing sheet). To avoid distracting the reader, it would be better to recast the sentence as When we turned the corner, the view was quite different or Turning the corner, we had a different view. A number of expressions originally derived from participles have become prepositions, and these may be used to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase. Such expressions include concerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. Thus one may write without fear of criticism Speaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. x