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Chapter 01 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click on the slide’s background before you can advance to the next slide. See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 1.1 The Human Body 2 A. Introduction 1. 2. 3. Anatomy – structure of a part and its relationship to other structures Physiology – function of a part, individually and as part of a system The structure of a part suits the function of a part (they complement each other). 3 B. Organization of Body Parts 1. Levels of Organization a. Chemical – atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that compose the cellular organelles that perform the functions of the cell b. Cellular – basic unit of life c. Tissue – similar cells that perform a specific function d. Organs – several types of tissues that perform a specific function e. Organ Systems – several organs that work together to perform related functions f. Organism – all the systems that interact to make the whole organism 4 Levels of Organization 5 1.2 Anatomical Terms 6 A. Introduction 1. Anatomical terms are used to describe: a. Location of body parts b. Regions of the body c. Imaginary planes by which the body can be sectioned 7 Introduction, cont 2. Anatomical position a. Common reference point for all anatomical terms b. Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides 8 B. Directional Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal) Superior/Inferior Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep Central/Peripheral Ipsilateral/Contralateral 9 Directional Terms 10 C. Regions of the Body 1. 2. Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs 11 Terms for body parts and areas 12 D. Planes and Sections of the Body 1. Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions a. Midsagittal – exactly through the midline b. Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline 2. Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions 13 Body planes and sections 14 1.3 Body cavities and membranes 15 A. Posterior (dorsal) body cavity 1. 2. 3. Cranial cavity – contains the brain Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord Meninges – membranous layers lining dorsal body cavity; contains cerebrospinal fluid to nourish and support the brain and spinal cord 16 B. Anterior (ventral) body cavity 1. Thoracic cavity a. Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures b. Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs 17 Anterior (ventral) cavity, cont 2. Abdominopelvic cavity a. Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines b. Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine 18 Major body cavities and membranes 19 C. Ventral cavity membranes 1. Parietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities a. Thoracic cavity 1) Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity 2) Parietal pericardium – creates pericardial cavity b. Abdominopelvic cavity 1) Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity 20 Ventral cavity membranes, cont 2. Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity a. Thoracic cavity 1) Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue 2) Visceral pericardium – covers heart b. Abdominopelvic cavity 1) Visceral peritoneum – covers many organs in abdominopelvic cavity 21 Ventral cavity membranes, cont 3. 4. A small amount of serous fluid is between the parietal and visceral layers that lubricates and reduces friction Inflammation or infection of these membranes is a serious health issue 22 Relationship between the body wall, serous membranes, and organs 23 Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. 24 D. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants 1. Abdominopelvic regions - nine regions a. Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric b. Right and left lumbar, umbilical c. Right and left iliac, hypogastric 2. Four quadrants a. Right upper, left upper b. Right lower, left lower 25 Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants 26 1.4 Organ Systems 27 A. Support, Movement, and Protection 1. Integumentary System a. Skin and accessory organs b. Protection, prevents infection & water loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals 2. Skeletal System a. Bones, cartilage, ligaments b. Support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells 3. Muscular System a. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles b. Movement, posture, heat production 28 B. Integration and Coordination 1. Nervous System a. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs b. Communication, control, and responses 2. Endocrine System a. Hormone producing glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc b. Communication, control, and responses 29 C. Maintenance of the Body 1. Cardiovascular System a. Heart and blood vessels b. Transport 2. Lymphatic and Immune Systems a. Spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, special cells and chemicals b. Protect from disease 3. Respiratory System a. Lungs and passages b. Gas exchange 30 Maintenance of the Body, cont 4. Digestive System a. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs b. Receive and break down food into nutrients cells can use 5. Urinary System a. Kidneys, urinary bladder, tubes b. Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood 31 D. Reproduction and Development 1. Male Reproductive System a. Testes, ducts, glands b. Produce sperm and male sex hormones 2. Female Reproductive System a. Ovaries, ducts, uterus b. Produce ova and female sex hormones, provide site for young development 32 1.5 Homeostasis 33 A. Introduction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment External conditions may change dramatically Internal conditions stay within a narrow range Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree 34 B. Components of homeostatic mechanisms 1. 2. 3. Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment Control center – activates the effector Effector – produces a response to the change 35 C. Negative feedback 1. 2. 3. Primary homeostatic mechanism Effector reverses the change in the internal environment Keeps the variable close to the set point 36 Negative feedback general pattern 37 Mechanical example of negative feedback 38 Body temperature regulation 39 D. Positive feedback 1. 2. 3. Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point a. Blood clotting b. Childbirth Can be harmful 40 Positive feedback 41 Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. 42 E. Homeostasis and body systems 1. 2. All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis. Each system affects the other systems. 43 Human systems work together 44 Human systems work together 45 F. Disease occurs when homeostasis fails 1. Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body 2. Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body 3. Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time 4. Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term 46