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Producers & Cellular Energy Notes Unit 5 I can describe basic information about plants, including the way they move material, are classified, reproduce, and evolved. What are plants? • Plants are members of the kingdom Plantae. • Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. They carry out photosynthesis using the pigments chlorophyll a and b. What are plants? • The first plants evolved from an organism much like green algae. What Plants Needs to Survive • Sunlight – used to carry out photosynthesis • Water and Minerals – plants need a continual supply of water, and minerals, which come from the soil. • Gas Exchange – oxygen for cellular respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis • Movement of Water and Nutrients – water is absorbed in their roots but distributed throughout the plant. Groups of Plants • Plants can be categorized as either vascular plants, or non-vascular plants (called bryophytes) • Vascular plants have tracheids – specialized cells that conduct water. Figure 29.7 1 Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 2 Origin of vascular plants (about 425 mya) 3 Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya) Mosses Land plants ANCESTRAL 1 GREEN ALGA Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Liverworts Hornworts Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) 3 Angiosperms 500 450 400 350 300 Millions of years ago (mya) 50 0 1 m Seed plants Gymnosperms Vascular plants 2 Seedless vascular plants Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Table 29. 1 1 m The Plant Life Cycle • Plant life cycles have alternating phases, called alternation of generations, which alternates between a haploid and diploid phase. • The two cycles alternate to produce the two types of reproductive cells – gametes and spores/seeds. Alternation of Generations • The diploid (2N) phase is the sporophyte – or spore/seed producing plant. • The haploid (N) phase is the gametophyte – or gamete producing plant. Figure 30.2 PLANT GROUP Mosses and other nonvascular plants Gametophyte Dominant Sporophyte Ferns and other seedless vascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Reduced, dependent on Dominant gametophyte for nutrition Dominant Gymnosperm Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone Gametophyte (n) Angiosperm Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Example Gametophyte (n) Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone Sporophyte (2n) Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Sporophyte (2n) Figure 29.8-3 “Bud” Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Protonemata (n) “Bud” Antheridia Male gametophyte (n) Sperm Egg Spores Gametophore Spore dispersal Female gametophyte (n) Peristome Sporangium MEIOSIS Mature sporophytes Archegonia Rhizoid FERTILIZATION Zygote (within archegonium) (2n) Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Embryo 2 mm Archegonium Capsule with peristome (LM) Young sporophyte (2n) Female gametophytes 1 m Figure 29.9aa Thallus Gametophore of female gametophyte 1 m Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort Figure 29.9c Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss Capsule Seta Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow) Gametophyte 1 m Figure 29.13-3 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Spore (n) Rhizoid Underside of mature gametophyte (n) Sporangium Sporangium Antheridium Young gametophyte Mature sporophyte (2n) Sorus New sporophyte Sperm Archegonium Egg Zygote (2n) Gametophyte Fiddlehead (young leaf) 1 m FERTILIZATION Figure 30.6-4 Key Ovule Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Ovulate cone Megasporocyte (2n) Integument Pollen cone Microsporocytes (2n) Mature sporophyte (2n) Megasporangium (2n) Pollen grain Pollen MEIOSIS grains (n) MEIOSIS Microsporangia Microsporangium (2n) Surviving megaspore (n) Seedling Archegonium Female gametophyte Seeds Food reserves (n) Sperm nucleus (n) Seed coat (2n) Embryo (new sporophyte) (2n) Pollen tube FERTILIZATION Egg nucleus (n) Figure 30.10-4 Mature flower on sporophyte plant (2n) Microsporangium Anther Microsporocytes (2n) MEIOSIS Ovule (2n) Ovary Germinating seed MEIOSIS Generative cell Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) (n) Pollen tube Embryo (2n) Surviving megaspore (n) Endosperm (3n) Seed Seed coat (2n) Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n) Zygote (2n) Antipodal cells Central cell Synergids Egg (n) Egg nucleus (n) Style Pollen tube Sperm (n) FERTILIZATION Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Tube cell Pollen grains Stigma Megasporangium (2n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Microspore (n) Discharged sperm nuclei (n) Sperm Vascular Transport Systems • Xylem – carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. ▫ The main cells in the xylem tissues are the tracheids. • Phloem – transport solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. • Lignin – substance that makes cell walls rigid; enables vascular plants to grow upright Vascular Plant Structures • Roots – underground organs that absorb water and minerals. • Leaves – photosynthetic organs that contains one or more bundles of vascular tissue. • Veins – made of xylem and phloem. • Stems – supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carry water and nutrients. Exit Slip • What is the function of the xylem and the phloem? • Explain the difference between the gametophyte and the sporophyte. • What type of plant was the most primitive? I can explain the critical parts of flowers and seeds, along with their functions. Warm-up • What was the scientific name for nonvascular plants? • What are the names of the specialized cells that conduct water? Four Groups of Plants Seedless Plants Seed Plants • Vascular (Ferns) ▫ Have xylem and phloem • Gymnosperms (Conebearing Plants) ▫ Bear seeds directly on their cones (non-enclosed seed) • Nonvascular (Bryophytes/Mosses) ▫ Lack xylem and phloem (conduct water via osmosis) • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) ▫ Bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed (enclosed seed) Seed Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms • Includes four classes: conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. • Gymnosperms contain structures called cones that house their naked seeds. • Include grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, wildflowers, and other flowers. • Angiosperms contain structures called flowers that house their enclosed seeds. Gymnosperms • Do not require water for reproduction – use the wind mostly to transport pollen and seeds. • Pollen Grains – contain the entire male gametophyte in seed plants. Pollen grains are transferred to the female gametophyte through the process of pollination. • Seeds – an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. • Embryo – an organism in its early stage of development Gymnosperms • Seed Coat – surrounds and protects the embryo—keeps the seed from drying out. Angiosperms • Develop reproductive organs known as flowers, which contain ovaries that surround and protect the seed. • After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit – a wall of tissue surrounding the seed. This protects the seeds and aids in its dispersal. Diversity of Angiosperms • There are two classes within the angiopserms: monocots and dicots/eudicots. ▫ Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, and dicots/eudicots have two. Figure 30.13ea Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Embryos Two cotyledons One cotyledon Leaf venation Veins usually netlike Veins usually parallel Stems Vascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Figure 30.13eb Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Roots Taproot (main root) usually present Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Pollen Pollen grain with one opening Pollen grain with three openings Flowers Floral organs usually in multiples of three Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Plant Life Spans • Annuals – are plants that complete a life in one growing season. • Biennials – complete their life cycle in two growing seasons. In the first season, they germinate and grow roots, short stems, and sometimes leaves. In the second year, they grow new stems and leaves, produce flowers and seeds, and die. • Perennials – live for more than two growing seasons. Structure of Flowers • Carpel (Pistil) – female reproductive structure. ▫ Stigma – sticky tip; traps pollen ▫ Style – slender tube; transports pollen from stigma to ovary ▫ Ovary – contains ovules; ovary develops into fruit ▫ Ovule – contains egg cell which develops into a seed when fertilized Structure of Flowers • Stamen – male reproductive structure ▫ Filament – thin stalk; supports anther ▫ Anther – knob-like structure; produces pollen ▫ Pollen – contains microscopic cells that become sperm cells. Structure of Flowers • Sepals – encloses and protects flower before it blooms • Petals – usually colorful and scented; attracts pollinators Exit Slip I can explain how cells store energy as ATP. Energy and Life • Energy – the ability to do work. ▫ Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food. ▫ Heterotrophs – organisms that cannot use the sun or earth’s energy directly, thus they obtain energy from the foods they consume. • Chemical Energy – stored within chemical bonds and is released when these bonds are broken. ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – the energy molecule used to complete work in cells. ▫ Consists of adenine, ribose (5-carbon sugar), and 3 phosphate groups ▫ The 3 phosphate groups are the key to ATP’s ability to store and release energy. ADP • Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) – a compound similar to ATP, except it has 2 phosphate group. ATP and Glucose • ATP is a great molecule for transferring energy, but not good for storing large amounts of energy for a long time. • To store energy for long periods of time, the cell relies on carbohydrates, like glycogen animals and starch in plants. ▫ Both glycogen and starch are polymers made of a smaller simple-sugar monomer called glucose, which has 90x the chemical energy of ATP. Exit Slip I can represent photosynthesis, fermentation, and cellular respiration using a chemical formula. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis – the process where plants use the energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates, such as sugars and starch, and oxygen gas, a waste/byproduct. Van Helmont’s Experiment • 1600s – Van Helmont plans experiment to find if plants grow by material from the soil. • He determined that mass of a pot of soil and seedling and planted the seedling in the soil and watered regularly for 5 years. • The seedling grew into a small tree and now weighed about 75 kg, but the mass of the soil was almost unchanged. • Van Helmont concluded that most of the gain of mass had come from water, as that was the only thing he had added. Priestley’s Experiment • 1700s – Priestley took a candle, placed a glass jar over it, and watched as the flame gradually died out. • Priestley reasoned something in the air was necessary to keep the flame burning, and when this substance ran out, the candle went out. The substance was ______. • Priestley found that if he placed a live sprig of mint under the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle would remain lit for a while. The mint had produced the substance required for burning. Ingenhousz Experiment • Later, Ingenhousz showed that the effect observed by Priestley only occurred when the plant was exposed to light. The result of Priestley and Ingenhousz’s experiments showed that light is necessary for plant to produce O2 . • These early experiments led other scientists to discover that in presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and they also release oxygen. The Photosynthesis Equation • Photosynthesis used the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen. Plants use the sugars to produce complex carbohydrates such as starches. Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. I can explain the interaction between pigments, absorption of light, and reflection of light. Light and Pigments • Photosynthesis requires 4 components: 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon dioxide Water Light Chlorophyll (pigment) • Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light, which plants gather with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. • The plants main pigment is called chlorophyll. ▫ Two types: Chlorophyll a and b Figure 10.7 105 nm 103 nm 103 1 nm Gamma X-rays rays UV nm 1m (109 nm) 106 nm Infrared Microwaves 103 m Radio waves Visible light 380 450 500 Shorter wavelength Higher energy 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Lower energy Chlorophyll Absorption Spinach Chromatography Exit Slip I can describe the light-dependent and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis and related the reactants and products of each reaction. The Reactions of Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. • Within the chloroplast, there are saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids, which are arranged in stacks known as grana. • Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems, which are the lightcollecting units of the chloroplast. Figure 10.4a Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Mesophyll Stomata Chloroplast CO2 O2 Mesophyll cell 20 m Figure 10.4b Chloroplast Outer membrane Stroma Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid space 1 m Intermembrane space Inner membrane The Reactions of Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis unfolds in two parts: the lightdependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. • The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma – the region outside the thylakoid membranes. Figure 10.6-4 CO2 H2O Light NADP ADP + Pi Light Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Figure 10.14-5 4 Primary acceptor 2 H + 1/ O 2 2 H2O e 2 Primary acceptor e Pq 7 Fd e e Cytochrome complex 8 NADP reductase 3 Pc e e P700 5 P680 Light 1 Light 6 ATP Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem I (PS I) NADP + H NADPH The Light Reactions Figure 10.19-3 Input (Entering one CO2 at a time) 3 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P Short-lived intermediate P 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 3P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ADP 3 Calvin Cycle 6 P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate ATP 6 NADPH Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) 6 NADP 6 Pi P 5 G3P 6 P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds Phase 2: Reduction