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NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
TIMELINE
753-510 B.C.-THE MONARCHY
Romulus and Remus
The Seven Kings :
L. Junius Brutus
Horatius (at the Bridge)
Mucius Scaevola
!
510-31 B.C. - THE REPUBLIC SPQR (Senātus Populusque Romanus)
The Plebeian Struggle
Coriolanus
The Gauls Sack Rome
Marcus Manlius Capitolinus
Appius Claudius Caecus
*The Punic Wars
Regulus
Hannibal
Scipio Africanus (the Elder)
Cato the Censor
Overseas Expansion and Trade
The Gracchi Brothers
The Civil Wars
Spartacus
Pompey
Julius Caesar
Cicero
Cleopatra & Mark Antony
31 B.C.- 476 A.D.-THE EMPIRE
The Battle of Actium and Augustus
The Pax Romana
Authors: Vergil, Martial
Boudicca
Tacitus
The Romanization of the Provinces
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
Trajan
Hadrian
Marcus Aurelius
Constantine
The Empire Splits …
The Decline and Fall
1
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
History
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Founding of Rome- April 21,753 B.C.
The Sabines- Tribe whose daughters & wives Romulus' men kidnapped.
Beginning of the Roman Republic-509 B.C. when Brutus helped evict Tarquinius
Superbus
Horatius Cocles- One-eyed; single -handedly defended the Sublician Bridge.
Mucius Scaevola- Lefty. Chosen by lot to be the 1st of 300 to attempt to assassinate the
Etruscan King Porsenna, he willingly burned off his right hand when captured and
brought about peace.
Cloelia- Given as a hostage to Porsenna after Scaevola's peace, she led the female
hostages in their escape across~the Tiber. The Romans sent them back to keep the terms
of the peace, but Porsenna set them free again for their bravery.
Cincinnatus-458 B.C. He served as Rome's only legal dictator for 14 days. He defeated
the Aequi & Volsci and returned to his farm.
Titus Manlius Torquatus- Famous for his twisted rope necklace which he took from a
Gaul he killed. He executed his own son in 340 B.C. for engaging in individual combat
with a Gaul against orders.
3 Punic Wars against Carthage-264-146 B.C.
Regulus- Captured by Carthage and sent to Rome In 250 B.C. to negotiate peace in
exchange for his life and the lives of his men. He convinced the senate to reject the terms
of the peace and willingly returned to Carthage to be killed.
Scipio Africanus- Defeated Hannibal at Zama near Carthage. 202 B.C.
Comelia- Daughter of Scipio Africanus, mother of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. the
Gracchi Brothers (her Jewels).
Spartacus' slave revolt at Capua-73-71 B.C.
The 1st Triumvirate-60 B.C. Caesar, Pompey. Crassus (not legal)
Gaius Julius Caesar- July 12. 100-March 15, 44 B.C.
The 2nd Triumvirate- 43 B.C.. Octavian, Lepidus, Antony (two legal 5 year terms)
Golden Age of Latin Literature-1st Century B.C. and through the rule of Augustus In
AD. 14
End of the Roman Republic-27 B.C.
1st Emperor in Rome. Augustus- 27 B.C.-A.D. 14
Julio-Claudian Emperors1. Augustus- (Pax Romana)
2. Tiberius-son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia. Sejanus was his 2nd in
command; died on Capri
3. Caligula -(2nd & last Julian emperor)
4. Claudius (Handicapped, 2nd Claudian emperor)
5. Nero-son of Agrippina, Claudius' niece whom he married.
Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius- August 24, A.D. 79
Constantinople-"New Rome" set up by Constantine on May 11. AD. 330.
Last emperor in Rome, Romulus Augustulus- A.D. 476, dethroned by a Germanic king,
Odoacer.
Last Eastern Roman Emperor, Justinian- Last emperor whose native tongue was Latin. d.
A.D. 565
2
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
VERBA SCIENDA: MATCHING
1. _____ PRANDIUM
2. _____ TOGA CANDIDA
3. _____ LUDUS
4. _____ CENA
5. _____ IULIUS
6. _____ BASILICA
7. _____ CULINA
8. _____ INSULA
9. _____ VIGILES
10. _____ MARE NOSTRUM
11. _____ AEDILE
12. _____ QUAESTOR
13. _____ PATRICIANS
14. _____ FASCES
15. _____ 27 B.C.
16. _____ 509 B.C.
17. _____ TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS
18. _____ HANNIBAL
19. _____ GALLIA
20. _____ SPARTACUS
21. _____ THERMAE
22. _____ SPINA
23. _____ CIRCUS MAXIMUS
24. _____ TRICLINIUM
25. _____ BULLA
A. Mediterranean Sea
B. Dining Room
C. Enemy of Rome in 2nd Punic War
D. Leader of slave uprising
E. Dinner
F. Worn by office seeker
G. Lunch
H. Symbol of Roman authority
I. Republic begins
J. Empire begins
K. Courthouse
L. Kitchen
M. Dividing wall for races
N. Paymaster, city treasurer
O. Apartment house block
P. Last king in Rome
Q. Police and firemen
R. Chariot races held here
S. Roman upper class
T. School
U. France
V. Responsible for games, streets
W. Baths
X. Nōmen of Caesar
Y. Child's good luck necklace
3
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
MNEMONICS
SID SPACE-The Ablative Astronaut II
FRIPS- Romance Languages
S ub I n D e
S ine P ro A b C um E x
"PUFFY" Verbs
French Romanian Italian Portuguese
Spanish
UNUS NAUTA (also called naughty
9)- Irregular Adjectives, that have a genitive
Potior Utor Fruor Fungor Vescor
singular (-īus), and dative singular (-ī)
SUBJUNCTIVE Present Tense of 4th
Conj. Vowel Change
U Unus, a, um
N Nullus, a, um
U Ullus, a, um
S Solus, a, um
We beat a giant liar!
(LET'S EAT CAVIAR!)
I: e II: ea III: a IV: ia
PACAPAINS -1st Declension Masculine
N Neuter, -tra, trum
A Alter, a, um
U Uter, utra, utrum
T Totus, a, um
A Alius, a, um
Names of Cases
NOM. Never
GEN. Get
DAT. Drunk
ACC. At
ABL. All
Names of trees are FEMININE because of
the female spirit in the tree (Dryads)
Rivers and Mountains are Masculine
P Pirata (pirate)
A Agricola (farmer)
C Collega (partner, colleague)
A Auriga (charioteer)
P Poeta (poet)
A Athleta (athlete)
I Incola (inhabitant)
N Nauta (sailor)
S Scriba (scribe)
Imperative Sg. without an ending:
Seven Hills of RomeCan Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie? dūc, dīc, fac & fer
Can-Caelian
Queen-Quirinal
Victoria- Viminal
Eat-Esquiline
Cold- Capitoline
Apple- Aventine
Pie-Palatine
Should have an 'e'
But it isn't there!
preseNT participle-base ends in NT
geruND- base ends in ND
gerundIVEs are adjectIVEs
4
Nōmen
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Declension Chart
I
F
terra
terrae
terrae
terram
terrā
II
III
IV
V
F
vox
vocis
vocī
vocem
voce
F
manus
manūs
manuī
manum
manū
F
rēs
rēī
rēī
rem
rē
vocēs
vocum
vocibus
vocēs
vocibus
manūs
manuum
manibus
manūs
manibus
rēs
rērum
rēbus
rēs
rēbus
M
rex
regis
regī
regem
rege
M
senātus
senātūs
senātuī
senātum
senātū
M
diēs
diēī
diēī
diem
diē
amicī
amicōrum
amicīs
amicōs
amicīs
regēs
regum
regibus
regēs
regibus
senātūs
senātuum
senātibus
senātūs
senātibus
diēs
diērum
diēbus
diēs
diēbus
N
donum
donī
donō
donum
donō
dona
donōrum
donīs
dona
donīs
N
opus
operis
operī
opus
opere
opera
operum
operibus
opera
operibus
N
genū
genūs
genū
genū
genū
genua
genuum
genibus
genua
genibus
F (trees are F)
ulmus
ulmī
ulmō
ulmum
ulmō
(voc: ulme)
terrae
ulmī
terrārum
ulmōrum
terrīs
ulmīs
terrās
terrīs
M
poeta
poetae
poetae
poetam
poetā
ulmōs
ulmīs
M
amicus
amicī
amicō
amicum
amicō
(voc= amice) !
poetae
poetārum
poetīs
poetās
poetīs
5
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Mottoes and Quotations
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Ab Ovo Usque Ad Māla- From the egg to the apples, i.e., the whole meal= from
beginning to the end
Ab Urbe Condita- From the founding of the city (used by Romans in reckoning dates,
starting at 753 B.C.)
Ad Astra Per Aspera- To the stars by/through hard ways/hardships
Ad nauseam- To the point of disgust
Aequo Animo- with a calm mind, calmly  equanimity
Annuit Coeptis - He has approved of what has been begun.
Ars Gratia Artis- Art for the sake of art
Ars Longa, Vita Brevis- Art is long-lasting, life is short
Carthago Delenda Est- Carthage Must be Destroyed (said by Cato the Elder)
Causa Sine Quā Non- an indispensable cause or condition (without which it is not
possible to happen)
Cave canem- Beware the dog.
Caveat Emptor- Let the buyer beware.
Cogito ergo sum- I think. therefore I am. (Descartes)
Corpus delicti- The body of the crime
De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum- There is no disputing about tastes
Dextro pede- Enter with your right foot first. (a good luck sign)
Dies Irae- Day of Wrath, Judgment Day (cf. Mozart’s Requiem)
Dulce Et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori-It is sweet and honorable to die for one’s
country
E Pluribus Unum- One from many
Errare est Humanum – To err is human.
Esse Quam Videri- To Be Rather Than to Seem
Et Tu Brute- You too, Brutus
Habeas corpus (ad subiciendum)- You may allow the prisoner (to be handed over for
pre-trial determination).
In hoc signo vinces- In this sign you will conquer. (Constantine's cross)
Nolo contendere- I don't want to contest the charges (and I accept the penalty without
admitting guilt).
Pax vobiscum /Pax tecum - Peace be with you.
Pro bono- Something done out of good will with no charge or money accepted
Possunt quia posse videntur- They can because they think they can.
Quasi modo geniti infantes- Just like new born babes" (Opening words of the Introit (1
Pet. 2.2.) used on the first Sunday after Easter; This sunday was called "Quasi Modo"
Sunday.)
Rara avis- A rare bird, i.e., a rare occurence
Semper fidelis- (Semper Fi) Always faithful (U.S. Marine Corps)
Sic Semper Tyrannis- Thus ever to tyrants! (said by John Wilkes Booth)
Sic transit gloria mundi- Thus passes the glory of the world
Tempus fugit- Time files.
Terra Firma- Solid ground (Terra Incognita- Unknown land)
Veni, vidi, vici- I came, I saw, I conquered. (Caesar vs King of Pontus)
Verbum sat sapienti est- A word to the wise is sufficient
6
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Abbreviations
ABBR.
LATIN MEANING
ENGLISH MEANING
S.P.Q.R.
Senatus Poplusque Romanus
The Senate and the Roman
People
P.S.
Post Scriptum
Written Afterwards
sc./scii.
scilicet (scire licet)
actually
R.I.P.
Requiescat in Pace
May he/she rest in peace
M.A.
Magister Artium
Master of Arts
P.M.
Post Mortem
After Death
p.m.
post meridiem
afternoon
i.e.
id est
that is
A.D.
Anno Domini
In the year of the Lord
e.g.
exempli gratia
for example
B.I.D.
Bis in Die
Twice a Day
etc.
et cetera
and the rest
Q.E.D.
Quod Erat Demonstrandum
Which was/must be
demonstrated
N.B.
Nota Bene
Note Well
cf.
confer
compare
Ph.D.
Philosophiae Doctor
Doctor of Philosophy
a.m.
ante meridiem
before noon
id.
idem
the same
M
Mille
a thousand
C
Centum
a hundred
7
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Authors, Roman and Greek
AUTHOR
NATIONALITY
GENRE/TITLE(S)
AESOP
Greek
Fables
ARISTOPHANES
Greek
Comedies: CLOUDS, WASPS,
LYSISTRATA
ARISTOTLE
Greek
Philosophy: POETICS, ETHIC S,
POLITICS
Gaius JULIUS CAESAR
Roman
BELLA GALLICA
Gaius Valerius CATULLUS
Roman
Lyric poems to Lesbia
Marcus Tullius CICERO
Roman
Orator, Letter Writer, Philosopher
EURIPIDES
Greek
Tragedian: BACCHAE, TROJAN
WOMEN
HERODOTUS
Greek
Historian of Greek/Persian Wars
(Battle of Thermopylae)
HOMER
Greek
ILIAD, ODYSSEY
Quintus Horatius(HORACE) Flaccus
Roman
ODES, EPODES, SATIRES, EPISTLES
Titus LUCRETIUS Carus
Roman
DE RERUM NATURA (atomic theory)
Marcus Valerius Martialis (MARTIAL)
Roman
Epigrams
Publius Ovidius(OVID) Naso
Roman
METAMORPHOSES, ARS
AMATORIA
Titus Macclus PLAUTUS
Roman
Comic Playwrite: MILES
GLORIOSUS, MENAECHMI
PLINY THE ELDER
Roman
Naturalist
PLINY THE YOUNGER
Roman
Letter Writer (eruption of Vesuvius)
PLUTARCH
Greek
Biographer: PARALLEL LIVES (e.g.
Theseus/Romulus)
SAINT JEROME
Roman
LATIN VULGATE BIBLE
SOPHOCLES
Greek
Tragedian: OEDIPUS REX,
ANTIGONE
Publius Terentius (TERENCE) Afer
Roman
Comic Playwright: PHORMIO,
ADELPHOI
8
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Publius Vergilius(VERGIL) Maro
Roman
Nōmen
AENEID, GEORGICS.
BUCOUCS/ECLOGUES
Cultural Things to Review
Geography
Tiber River
Apennines
Ostia
Pompeii
Vesuvius
Brundisium
Sicily
Corsica
Sardina
Capitoline
Palatine
Appian Way
Gibraltar
Carthage
Mare Nostrum
Orbis Terrarum
Latium
Etruscans
Troy
Rubicon
People
Romulus/Remus
Rhea Silvia/Mars
Cincinnatus
Horatius
Scipio
Hannibal
Gaius lulius Caesar
Spartacus
Augustus
Cicero
Authors
Homer
Ovid
Vergil
Livy (historian)
Meals
ientaculum
prandium
cena
Columns
lonian
Doric
Corinthian
Clothing
toga virilis
toga praetexta
toga candida
stola
palla
tunica
bulla
soleae
Religion
polytheism
Olympians
nectar
ambrosia
Buildings
Housing
Forum
Domus
Curia (senate
Insulae (apartment)
house)
Villa, rustica & urbana
Basilica (law court)
Taberna (shops)
rostra (speaker's
Atrium
platform)
Impluvium
Circus Maximus
Compluvium
Pantheon
Tablinum
Parthenon
Cubiculum
Acropolis
Culina
Colosseum
Triclinium
Campus Martius
Peristilium
Cloaca Maxima
ianua
janitor
arch
dome
School
aqueduct
ludus
paedagogus
Thermae, Balnei
stilus
caldarium
tabellae
tepidarium
frigidarium
Ouotes/Mottos
Veni, vidi, vici
Names
Carpe diem
nomen
E pluribus unum
praenomen
Novus ordor saeclorurn
cognomen
Annuit Coeptis
Lares/Penates
Sic semper tyrannus
Lararium
Panem et circenses
genius/juno
Mens sana in corpore sano
pontifex maximus
SPQR
haruspex
Nota Bene
augur
9
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Entertainment
LUDI- Free entertainments sponsored by the state, public officials or wealthy families.
LUDI SCAENICI- Theatrical performances: Comedies, Tragedies, Farces and
Pantomimes.
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Dramatis Personae- Theatrical masks used by actors to portray different
characters. Roman citizens usually did not appear on stage. Actors were generally
slaves, freedmen or immigrants.
Plautus & Terence- Two most famous Roman playwrights. (comedies!!!)
Orchestra- Circular performing area in front of the stage where the Greek Chorus
performed In Roman theaters the orchestra circle was cut in half by the scaena
and Proscaenium.
Greek Chorus- A choral group who commented on the action and interacted with
the actors.
LUDI CIRCENSES- Chariot races usually held on an oblong race track called a circus.
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Circus Maximus- The largest race track in Rome in the valley between the
Palatine and Aventine Hills
Spina- A 1000-foot-long dividing wall that ran down the center of the circus.
Carceres- Starting gates. (Literally, "prisons.")
Spatium/Curriculum- One lap around the Spina.
Missus- Term for a complete 7 lap race.
Eggs & Dolphins- Markers that were used on opposite ends of the Spina to mark
the laps.
Factio- a racing team
MUNERA GLADIATORIA- Gladiatorial combats usually sponsored in an amphitheater.
Borrowed from the Etruscans. The Romans sponsored gladiatorial combats only at funerals
during the Republic. Only during the Empire were they sponsored as public entertainment.
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Flavian Amphitheater- The Colosseum In Rome. (Named from Nero's nearby colossal
statue.)
Morituri te salutamus - "We who are about to die salute you." Gladiatorial greeting to
the sponsor
Myrmillo- A gladiator who wore a fish design on his helmet and fought with a shield and
sword
Retiarius- The usual opponent of a Myrmillo. Was armed only with a net and a trident.
Pollice Verso- The thumbs-down (or "turned" in some direction-the exact direction is
unproven signal to kill a defeated opponent. Lives were spared by waving a mappa.
Spartacus- Famous gladiator from the school at Capua who led a slave revolt in 73 B.C.
10
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Geography
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Adriatic- Sea east of Italy
Aetna- Live volcano on the island of Sicily (Sicilia)
Alps- Mountain range dividing France (Gallia-Transalpina) from Northern Italy
(Gallia Cisalpina)
Apennines- Mountain range forming the spine of the Italian peninsula (Italia)
Athens- Cultural capital of ancient Greece (Graecia); location of the Acropolis &
Athena's Parthenon, and the Agora or Greek forum.
Brundisium- Town which marked the southern end of the Appian Way on the
heel of Italy. Catch the boat here to go to Greece!
Capua- Town south of Rome famous for its amphitheater and gladiator training
school. Where the slave revolt of Spartacus started.
Corsica- Northern-most large island In theTyrrhenian Sea west of Italy
Crete- Island (Creta) located south of Greece; its capital, Knossos, was home to
the Minotaur
Delos- Aegean Island on which Apollo and Diana were born near Mt. Cynthus
Delphi- sanctuary sacred to Apollo in northern Greece; home of the Delphic
Oracle
Herculaneum- Town located west Of Mt. Vesuvius; buried by Mountain
volcanic mud in A.D. 79
Mare Nostrum- Roman name for the Mediterranean Sea***
Mycenae- Home town of Agamemnon in southern Greece (the Peloponnesus)
Olympia- Sanctuary sacred to Zeus in southern Greece; site of the early Greek
Olympic games, (1st recorded games date from 776 BC)
Olympus- - Mountain in northern Greece (Graecia) said to be the home of the
gods
Ostia- Town which became the main poet of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber
River
Pompeii- Town located south of Mt. Vesuvius; buried by volcanic ash in AD. 79
Pyrenees- Mountain range dividing France (Gallia Transalpina) from Spain
(Hispania)
Rubicon- Small stream which originally divided Gallia Cisalpina from Italy
Sardinia- Southern-most large island in the Tyrrhenian Sea west of Italy
Sicily- Island (Sicilia) off the toe of Italy; Rome's first province
Sparta- Home town of Menelaus and his kidnapped wife Helen in southern
Greece (Peloponnesus)
Stabiae- Wealthy resort area on the southern shore of the Bay of Naples;
destroyed in A.D. 79
Tiber- River on which Rome is located on the west coast of Italy
Troy- Ancient town located south-west of Istanbul in Turkey (Asia Minor)
Tyrrhenian- Sea west of Italy
Underworld- Ruled by Roman Pluto/Greek Hades: Tartarus = Hell;
Elysian Fields = Heaven
Vesuvius- Live volcano which buried Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae near the
Bay of Naples
11
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
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Nōmen
Via Appia-"Queen of the Roman Roads" which led southeast from Rome to
Capua and then later extended to Brundisium
Roman Empire Geography Maze questions
1. City covered with pumice and ash
from Vesuvius
2. Sea on the eastern coast of Italy
3. Phoenician city in north Africa
and Rome's opponent in the Punic
Wars
4. Port city of Rome located at the
mouth of the Tiber
5. City covered with volcanic mud
from Vesuvius
6. Mountains running the full length
of Italy
7. River forming the northeast
boundary of the Roman Empire
8. River in northern Italy which
Caesar crossed when defying the
orders of the Senate to return to
Rome without his army
9. City on the Adriatic Sea to which
Via Appia led
10. City east of Rome in Asia Minor;
home of Aeneas
11. Largest island in the
Mediterranean, located between
Carthage and Italy
12. Sea extending from Spain to the
Middle East
13. City southeast of Rome in Greece
14. Island in the Mediterranean, north
of Sardinia
15. Mountains in northern Italy over
which Hannibal crossed with his
elephants
16. Island in the Mediterranean south
of Corsica
17. Province northwest of Rome to
which Via Aurelia led
18. Province northeast of Rome
conquered by Trajan; modern
Rumania
19. A second river forming the
northeast boundary of the Roman
Empire
20. River on which Rome was located
12
Nōmen
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Roman Empire Geography Maze
B
D
R
E
B
F
R
Y
T
O
M
I
O
M
K
M
W
P
O
K
G
I
A
G
E
E
X
T
K
K
P
E
V
A
M
L
D
L
V
A
I
U
S
H
H
C
H
K
W
D
A
W
U
E
T
A
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M
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B
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13
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Magistrates
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Magistratus- A Magistrate or holder of an important political office.
Magistratus Ordinarii- Officials elected to the usual political offices.
Cursus Honorum-A series of political offices which had to be held in sequence
for one to become Consul. Usually open only to Patricians (wealthiest class of
floman citizens) since Plebelans (1owest class of Roman citizens) were generally
excluded from the Cursus Honorum.
Magistratus Ordinarii
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Term of Office-The term of all elected Magistrates was one year.
Tribunes-The Plebeians were represented by ten Tribunes whom they
elected annually to protect their rights and interests.
Cursus Honorum
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Quaestor-The first office which had to be held in a political career. Each year 20
men were elected to serve as Quaestors, i.e. secretary/treasurers.
Aedile-Each year four men were elected to serve as Aediles, i.e. managers of
public buildings, services and entertainments. While this was not a required office
in the Cursus Honorum, it was one which allowed a young politician to become
popular with the people by spending his own money to make urban
improvements.
Praetor-The second office which had to be held In a political career. Each year
eight men were elected to serve as Praetors, i.e. judges.
Consul-The third and highest office of the Cursus Honorum. Each year two men
were elected to serve as Consuls. I.e. Heads of State.
Censor -Although the office of Censor was frequently a logical next step for a
Magistrate who had served as Consul, It was not limited to Patricians who had
completed the Cursus Honorum. Every live years two men were elected to serve
as Censors, i.e. Census Takers and Guardians of the Public Mores (highly
regarded virtues and personal codes of behavior). The term of office for a Censor
was 18 months, and after 339 B.C. It was required by law that one of the Censors
be elected from the ranks of the Plebeians.
14
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Classical Architecture and Decorative Motifs
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Order- A style of classical architecture. (3 basic Greek Orders)
Pediment- The triangular space formed at the ends of a building when a gable
roof is used.
Column- A vertical support usually consisting of three parts: a base, a shaft, and a
capital.
Engaged Column- While most columns are free standing, an engaged column is
partially built into a wall.
Pilaster- A flat engaged column, usually projecting 1/4th of its width from the
wall
Architrave- The lowest horizontal support that rests on the capitals.
Frieze- The middle horizontal support that rests on the capitals.
Cornice- The highest horizontal support which forms the bottom of the Pediment.
DORIC
The first and oldest Greek Order. The Doric Order usually has the following features:
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The capital resembles a square board resting on a tire.
Fluted baseless columns on which the flutes come to a point.
Entasis: a bulge built into the middle of the column to make it look straight from
a distance.
Metopes (square relief carvings) alternating with Triglyphs (three vertical lines)
on the Frieze
The shaft rests on the floor (Stylobate) which is approached by a two step
stereobate
IONIC
The second Greek Order which usually has the following features:
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The capital resembles a scroll.
The space between the scrolls is decorated with eggs and darts.
The column has a base under its shaft which has flutes separated by flat surfaces
called fillets.
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Its frieze has no triglyphs and metopes; sometimes decorated with a band of relief carvings.
Dentils: small square projections decorating the top edge of the architrave. They
look Iike the ends of small boards.
CORINTHIAN
The third and most elaborate Greek Order which usually has the following features:
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Bell-shaped capital decorated w/ 3 rows of acanthus leaves, with 8 leaves in each row.
The column is usually the same as an Ionic column.
The bottom of the cornice is often decorated with dentils.
15
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Calendar
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The first Roman calendar, supposedly introduced by Romulus, was a lunar calendar.
The first lunar calendar had only ten months: Martius, Aprilis, Maius, lunius,Quintilis, Sextilis, September,
October, November, December.
The 11th & 12th lunar cycles were unnamed until Numa Pompilius named them Ianuarius and Februarius ca.
750 B.C.
In honor of Janus as god of beginnings and ends, Januarius and Februarius were moved to the beginning of the
year by the Senate in 153 B.C.
On Jan. 1, 45 B.C. Julius Caesar introduced the solar calendar which he had borrowed from Egypt.
Quintilis was renamed Julius in honor of J. Caesar who had been born on the 12th of that month, 100 B.C.
Sextilis was renamed Augustus in honor of Octavianus Augustus who had died on its 19th day, A.D. 14.
The Roman week (interval between market days) had nine days which were counted inclusively as follows:
(9-1)
Market day
Nundinae
(2)
Monday
Lunae dies
(3)
Tuesday
Martis dies
(4)
Wednesday
Mercuni dies
(5)
Thursday
lovis dies
(6)
Friday
Veneris dies
(7)
Saturday
Saturni dies
(8)
Sunday
Solis dies
(9-1)
Market Day
Nundinae
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Rather than giving the date by counting which day it was from the beginning of the month, Romans gave the
date in relation to three standard points of reference: The Kalends (1st day/new moon), the Nones (9 days
before the Ides), the Ides (full moon).
"In March, July, October and May, the Ides are on the 15th day." In all other months the Ides are on the 13th.
When the 1st sundial was set up in Rome (263 B.C.), the term hora (hour) was given to 1/12th of daylight.
Borrowing Babylonian hexagesimal time divisions, each hora was divided into 60 partes minutae primae.
Likewise, each pars minuta prima (minute) was divided into
60 partes minutae secundae (seconds).
The Romans divided night time into four watches (vigiliae).
Caesar's solar year (365 days 6 hrs) was 11 mins, 14.5 secs. too long, so Pope Gregory XIII Introduced a new
calendar in 1582.
A Lunar calendar is still used in Jewish religious calculations.
The dates of all moveable Christian feasts depend on Easter which is still calculated according to the lunar
calendar.
Easter is celebrated on the 1st Sunday after the 1st full moon on or after the Vernal Equinox (March 21).
The uncorrected Julian Calendar is still used in Eastern Orthodox churches.
16
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Ceremonies and Customs
CHILDHOOD
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Pupus/Pupa- Name given to newborn children until their 9th day.
Dies Lustricus - Ninth day after a pupa/-us was born when s/he was named.
Bulla- A protective gold charm worn by young boys until they took the Toga
Virilis
Toga Praetexta- A purple bordered toga worn by wealthy young boys until
manhood. (Also worn by Senators.)
Toga Virilis / Toga Libera - Toga of manhood assumed at the ages of 15, 16, or
17 (when his father judged him mature) a boy would be given this special white
toga and be taken to be enrolled as a voting citizen.
DINING
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Triclinium - A dining room usually containing 3 dining couches (lecti).
lentaculum - Breakfast. consisting usually of hard bread or adipata (honey dipped
baked dough similar to "elephant ears").
Prandium -Lunch. usually a snack left over from the previous night.
Cena- Dinner
Gustus- Appetizers, consisting usually of vegetables and an egg dish.
Prima Mensa- The main course (fish, pork, poultry. etc.)
Secunda Mensa- Dessert (nuts, fruit - often apples)
Ab ovo usque ad mala- From eggs to apples-Term for a complete Roman meal.
BATHING
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Balneum- A small bath house
Thermae- A large bath house
TEPIDARIUM- A warm waiting room in the bath
CALDARIUM- A hot steam room (sauna).
FRIGIDARIUM- A cold plunge-pool.
Strigiles- A ring of body scrapers used to scrape off oil and sweat
MARRIAGE
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Usus- The simplest form, called Common Law marriage
Coemptio- Imitates the purchase of the bride from the father.
Confarreatio- The most elaborate form. Auspices were read by an Augur, and a
Flamen presided.
Ubi tu Gaius, Ego Gaia- Words of consent
Flammeum- Flame-colored veil worn by the bride who also wore matching red
slippers
17
NLE Practice from http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/things/nle/
Nōmen
Feriae Romanae I
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January 1, Ianual - Janus is honored with a sacrifice of barley, incense and wine.
In honor of Janus, friends exchange gifts and pass out sweets and Ianus bifrons
coins showing the Image of Janus with two foreheads (bifrons), i.e. faces, on one
side and a ship on the other.
February 15, Lupercalia- Several goats and a dog are sacrificed to Faunus (also
known as Lupercus) near a cave sacred to Lupercus, the protector of flocks, at
the foot of the Palatine. Young men, called Luperci, dress in goat-skin loin cloths
and perform a fertility dash through the city striking the out-stretched hands of
hopeful young women along the way. (In A.D-. 494 it was changed into the Feast
of Purification by Bishop Gelasius I.)
March 17, Liberalia- Feast of the god of wine, Bacchus (also called Liber). This
is the traditional date for young boys to assume the toga virilis (toga libera) after
marching up the Capitoline Hill to have their names enrolled on the list of voting
citizens. An offering of cakes is made to Liber.
April 28-May 3, Floralia- In honor of the goddess of flowers, Flora, multicolored clothing is worn by celebrants who enjoy public dances, free wine, games
and earthy theatrical performances.
September 5-9, Ludi Romani- Games which feature a Homeric Chariot Race in
which the drivers (aurigae) leap from their chariots at the far end of the course
and race on foot back to the starting line. The celebration indudes a Young
People's Horse Show (Ludus Troiae) and theatrical performances.
October 15, October Equus- Features a two-horse chariot (biga) race in the
Campus Martius. The off-horse of the winning team Is sacrificed to Vesta. Its
tail is cut off and taken to the Regia in the Forum Romanum and its blood is
sprinkled on the hearth of Vesta. Its head is thrown to a crowd of people from
both halves of the city who fight ferociously with each other to take it home as a
prize.
November 4-17, Ludi Plebii- Sponsored in honor of Jupiter by the Plebeian
Aediles for fourteen days in the Circus Flaminius. The celebration includes
dramatic performances and a special feast in honor of Jupiter on the Ides (which
are sacred to the king of the gods) called the lovis Epulum. The custom of this
huge feast may have suggested our current custom of Thanksgiving Dinner In
November.)
December 17-25, Saturnalia- Legal and business holidays. Slaves wear Freedom
Caps (Pillei) and are given the days off. Houses are decorated with evergreens
and candles, and friends exchange gifts. Patrons take the occasion to present their
clientes with new togas.
18