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Support Action to initiate cooperation between the Communities of European MARine and MARitime REsearch and Science Deliverable No. 3.3.2 Post analysis report on Workshop 2: Impact of Maritime Transport on the Marine Environment (Physical Impact) Date: 30th June, 2011 Project EMAR2RES – n.234359 Author : Atilla Incecik (WEGEMT) Table of Content Sum ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1- Project main objectives .................................................................................................. 3 2- Objectives of Task 3.3.1 ................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Background to Ballast Water Treatment ................................................................................ 5 2.3 Background to Development of New Hull Surfaces ............................................................. 6 3. SUMMARY OF THE FORESIGHT EXERCISE AT THE WORKSHOP ............................. 7 4. Main Recommendations for Joint Marine and Maritime Research Priorities:........... 13 2 Summary This task aims at post analysing the results of the second workshop on impact of maritime transport on the marine environment (physical relationships) and at developing a map highlighting the areas of common interest and/or of possible synergies focussed on maritime transport. This will provide a holistic assessment of the current state-of-the-art across sectoral boundaries, addressing the legal, political, economic and societal drivers across an extended time period compatible with challenges such as Climate Change and sustainable development of the European economy. In this context, it will outline potential marine and maritime research and development activity as well as areas of future research needs, required to facilitate European development from environmental, industrial and societal perspectives. It will give insight in the level of detail and complexity (threats, opportunities and challenges) of the issue of integration of research at stake. It will achieve this by drawing on the inter-disciplinary expertise assembled during WP3.1 and WP3.2. 1- Project main objectives EMAR²RES aims to provide a forum for interaction between Europe’s marine science and maritime transport research communities, so that they can collectively work towards enhanced capability in marine and maritime research. This is essential to ensure that Europe’s capability is of internationally acknowledged excellence, and of sufficient scale and critical mass to facilitate, promote and sustain intellectual interchange and discourse between those engaged in international research, fundamental to the principles of the Lisbon Agenda and the European Research Area. The objectives of EMAR²RES are summarised as to: Support interaction between marine scientists and maritime transport research communities to assist in the creation of the marine component of the European Research Area (ERA), facilitating the creation of an internal market and quantifying the existing European marine and maritime research capacity. Facilitate the networking of marine scientists and maritime transport research communities in the European Union leading to a more cost effective and efficient use of Member State resources including scientific personnel, specialist infrastructures and planned investments. Contribute to the evolution of a European Marine Research Strategy, identifying future challenges and opportunities and the priority interdisciplinary research programmes that need to be put in place to address / benefit from them. Provide a basis for the sharing of available resources to address priority issues which are beyond the capacities of individual Member States. Progress the inter-awareness between Member State and EU marine and maritime RTD Programmes, towards collaboration between programmes, which has been identified as a key objective of the ERA. 3 2- Objectives of Task 3.3.1 1. Develop far-sighted inter-disciplinary, specific areas of common interest and /or possible synergies; in conjunction with technologists, environmental researchers, socio-economic expertise, policy and legal specialists. 2. Map major drivers, threats, opportunities and challenges onto this. 3. Map interactions to produce an inter-disciplinary, multi-sectoral and coherent overview of the domain. 4. Undertake a gap analysis, based on the above, to provide a holistic identification of future research needs 2.1 Introduction The workshop on Impact of Maritime Transport on the Marine Environment (physical impacts) was held on 29-30 June 2010 in Ostend, Belgium. This workshop is concerned with reducing the physical impact of the maritime transport on the marine environment. The following areas were covered in this workshop: Impact on the Sea. o Noise genetared from ships, including engines, propellers that has a potentially detrimental impact on marine life o Vibration o Wash (including impact on the seabed and river/canal banks) created as a result of waves generated by ships movement through the water o Interaction between hull and the water, i.e. the boundary layer Operational atmospheric emissions o Nox o Sox o Noise o CO2 o Particulates This workhop was atttended by the follwing experts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Atlar Mehmet (Newcastle University, UK) Bosshers Johan (MARIN, Netherlands) Debernardis Enrico (Insean, Italy) Dekeling Rene (Ministry of Defence, Netherlands) Godoe Olav Rune (Institute of Marine Research, Norway) McKeown Eugene (Biospheric, Ireland) Muller-Schwenn Hans (Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany) Norro Alain (MUMM, Belgium) Rogers Roland (National Oceanographic Centre, UK) The vision statement agreed by the all workshop participants which aims to encapsulate what they wanted to achieve at the workshop was: The creation of synergies between maritime and marine RTD communities to : 4 establish new scientific knowledge of the physical impacts on the marine environment of maritime technologies and practices ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of EU maritime transport develop the means to obtain good environmental status of the marine environment using the best available technology promote socio-economic benefit 2.2 Background to Noise Noise from commercial shipping operations is increasingly being recognized as a potential threat to several marine habitats, in particular to whales, seals, and fish. Scientific data, while not conclusive, suggest that commercial shipping is resulting in significant increases in the overall underwater sound emissions in many ocean areas, particularly coastal zones. Incidental noise from commercial shipping occurs within the range of frequencies that also used by some marine habitat for their communication which is essential to key life functions such as reproduction and locating prey. A 100 Hz sound may be detectable after propagating hundreds or thousands of kilometers whereas a 100 kHz sound may no longer be detectable after only a few kilometers. There is a strong feeling among different stakeholders in taking action to minimize or eliminate adverse effects of commercial shipping noise on marine habitats. USA already submitted consultation document to IMO Noise and Marine Mammals Information Paper (MEPC 57/INF.4) with a view to introducing limits introduced underwater noise limits and EU is in preparation of similar actions. Considering the increasing size of commercial fleet underwater noise levels will increase in the future in the current trading routes. In addition it is highly likely that opening of new routes in the Arctic due to global warming and exploration of oil and gas in the arctic areas will require us to consider the effect of noise on marine animals in the arctic regions. In particular the extreme operational conditions in the arctic, ships need different/novel propulsion systems such as pod propulsion systems, as well as suitable hull forms. Different propulsion systems as well as hull forms may create different noise characteristics. Furthermore presence of ice may change the underwater noise characteristics of the vessel which may be acceptable in non-ice environments. All these new operational conditions and propulsion systems and hull forms need to be assessed and any adverse noise conditions need to be mitigated through design modifications to eliminate the threat to marine mammals. However, until recently, underwater noise studies were carried out in connection with military operations Therefore, very limited data and prediction methods are available to tackle design issues related to commercial shipping and production of oil and gas or marine renewable energy. Even the commercial full scale measurement standards were published in USA only very recently which have many gaps. 5 2.3 Background to Vibration The main cause of vibration in ships is cavitation on the propeller. Cavitation mainly occurs due to non-uniform wake field in which the propeller operates. The ways to reduce vibration are: Improve hull-propeller interaction by using bulbous sterns or by moving propeller out of the wake Improve the cavitation behaviour of the propeller in a given wake field by designing new blade sections to reduce vibration excitation. 2.4 Background to Wash Wash generated by marine vessels operating in restricted waters requires the attention of designers due to limitations set for the environmental impact of wave generation in particular for high-speed craft. The task of reducing wash is the same as reducing wave resistance. Current research affords are on the optimisation of hull forms to minimise wash effect on the environment and the investigation of environmental consequences due to wash. 2.5 Background to Atmospheric Emissions Maritime transport is responsible for about 2% of CO2, 7-13 % of NOX and 4-6 % SOX emissions out of the estimated total global atmospheric emissions. Most of the emissions to the atmosphere come from diesel engines which are at present prime mover of ships. Current research and development affords focus to reduce CO2 emissions by improving new hull designs, retrofitting existing vessels with devices to reduce drag and or propulsion efficiency as well as optimising the engines for fuel efficiency, developing alternative fuels from renewable resources. NOx emissions are of great concern. Technically NOx emissions can be reduced significantly but this will lead to increased fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions. Emissions of SOx are directly related to sulphur content in the fuel oil. Globally ships are required to lover the sulphur content to about 0.5 % by 2020 or to fit the ships with exhaust gas cleaning devices or to use other technological devices to limit the sulphur emissions. 6 3. SUMMARY OF THE FORESIGHT EXERCISE AT THE WORKSHOP 3.1 NOISE Fields Scenario 3 Challenges Opportunities KEY actions « REALISTIC » Common Research priorities (worldwide) ENVIRONMENT Holistic recommendations to politicians re. Noise; GES criteria - Reduce noise - - - Define impacts (on different timescales with appropriate actions to mitigate/reduce them). - implementing noise monitoring systems Realise a book on agreed standards (definitions) Complement MSFD gaps Marine Data on acoustics needed to fix thresholds and define the impacts of MT on Marine Environment - Use the Risk Assessment framework in line with the MSFD. Use data from ocean observatories and industry Common understanding on the phenomena /approach on “impacts of noise” - Better use “terrestrial” knowledge on acoustics and sounds Establish a framework to assess the “Noise budget” from a “marine point of view” 7 Establish a framework to assess the “Noise budget” from a “marine point of view” Comparability studies: noise signature and the environmental impacts Pressure waves Vs noise is a new type of new research (check) - INDUSTRY Increase in maritime transport: therefore we should decrease noise underwater Map the maritime transport in EU; - implement noise monitoring systems Realise a book on agreed standards (definitions) - - Define impacts (on different timescales with appropriate actions to mitigate/reduce them) Inventory, state of the art (gaps and knowledge) to set up a proper scientific framework; - Differentiation of noise impacts depending on ocean bathymetry (deep Sea, shelf sea etc) - Define quality of “noise” for future management programs 8 Common understanding on the phenomena/appro ach on “impacts of noise” - Qualify Noise signature according to the type of commercial vessels/maritime activity (gravel extraction) - new technological designs: propellers, reduce wash characteristics - pipelines Hazard identification - Qualify Noise signature according to the type of commercial vessels/maritime activity (gravel extraction) Exposure assessment Establish “Noise budget” from a marine point of view 9 Pressure waves Vs noise is a new type of new research (check) Map the maritime transport in EU - Differentiation of noise impacts depending on ocean bathymetry (deep Sea, shelf sea etc) Effect assessment Marine Data on acoustics needed to fix thresholds and define the impacts of MT on Marine Envt - Better use “terrestrial” knowledge on acoustics and sounds 10 Risk characterization Holistic recommendations to politicians re. Noise Management/ mitigation - new technological designs: propellers, reduce wash characteristics SOCIETAL Cost benefit analysis in mitigating/non mitigating the impacts of Maritime Transport - Imbalance: Increased Shipping operations and minimisation of environmental impacts 11 Political impact decisions Consumer role in influencing shipping operations Clear definition of “noise and noise impacts” to best inform Society; 3.2 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS Fields ENVIRONMENT Scenario 3 Challenges WS participants to list key features which best define the field KEY actions & « REALISTIC » Common (worldwide) Research priorities Atmospheric Chemists /chemical oceanographers and meteorologists to work at air/sea interface Reduce emissions WS participants to list key features which best define this field INDUSTRY Opportunities NOx/SOx discharges’ impacts on the marine environment: new RTD opportunities Large ship emissions mapped Local regulations for emissions; what is the status in high seas? Ship emissions to be assessed in a global perspective Use existing analytical tools (GIS) Risk assessment studies of airborne emissions from Ships, on a regional approach EU regulations GIS model for quantifying emissions SOCIETAL 12 4. Main Recommendations for Joint Marine and Maritime Research Priorities: The expert group decided to use a Risk Assessment (RA) framework to consider the impacts and mitigation of hazards such as noise and air emissions on the marine ecosystem. The RA framework helps to rationalise the scientific research effort with a goal to best manage the risks and to support the decision-making processes (see Ref. Marine Board-ESF PP 13). The proposed approach is as follows: - Generic (based on a standardised framework) Adaptive (mitigation feedback loop) In line with the Precautionary Approach (MSFD/GES) Structuring (in support of a decision-making process). The Risk Assessment framework aims to establish a robust research program allowing clear identification of research activities and actions with regards to noise and emission reductions. The RA Frameworks for the impact of noise and atmospheric emissions are given in the following: 13 RA Framework 1 NOISE Characterization: sources, type of measurements etc. Need for a common standardized protocol/definitions of noise for marine/maritime communities 3. Effect assessment Need for marine acoustic data from industry/observatories 2. Exposure assessment = assess the “Noise Signature” = quantitative Impacts on the marine life: dose-response relationships for sensitive species - Map (predict/measure) the sound field and match it to the distribution/abundance of sensitive receptors Behavioral (e.g. masking) Physical (e.g. Tissue/hearing damage , habitat destruction Traumatic(e.g. killing) Need to better assess the variations in response, differences in susceptibility - - Frequency, intensity, sound pressure levels - Bathymetric factors (shelf sea/high Sea) Need for integrated marine and maritime research, 4. Impact Risk Assessment Incl. data. Establish a “Noise Budget”: - 5. Mitigation - Cost benefit analysis and range of reductions Qualitatively (e.g. to provide non-linear risk quotient) Quantitatively (e.g. to give a full risk probability) Temporal factors Spatial factors Intensity, Persistence, Frequency, - Implement noise monitoring systems Local, Population, Habitat Doses - Favor new technological designs: new propellers, modify “wash” characteristics etc. Need to characterize: - Vulnerable habitats - Thresholds (sound level/physical degradations) No Acceptable risk - Vulnerable species/stocks Need to realise “noise” maps (EMODNET) Good Environmental Status Positive societal impact 14 Acceptable risk Need to characterize possible consequences of choosing different levels as thresholds Establish expert groups that could provide statements of the biological significance of particular risks for a few species RA Framework 2 Emissions (NOx, SOx & Particular matter) Characterization: sources, type of measurements, air/sea interface etc. Need for a common standardized protocol/definitions of emissions Need for data from industry/observatories 2. Exposure assessment = assess the “emission Signature” - Map large ship emissions - Frequency, intensity, emission levels - EU regulation system (difference coastal/high seas regulations) Need for a GIS based model to quantify emissions 5. Mitigation 3. Effect assessment = quantitative Impacts on the marine life Masking Tissue/hearing damage Killing Habitat destruction Need to assess impacts of NOx/SOx discharges Need to better assess the variations in response, differences in susceptibility 4. Impact Risk Assessment = set-up a “airborne emission budget from vessels” (qualitative/quantitative) on a regional approach - Implement an emission trading system (e.g. cost benefit analysis and range of reductions combined with other measures); - Initiate public campaigns/ lobbying activities to modify/redirect shipping operations; - Develop new technological designs (e.g. new propellers, modify “wash” characteristics, develop “bio-mimetic” studies etc. No Acceptable risk Good Environmental Status Positive societal impact Temporal factors Spatial factors Intensity Local, Persistence Population Frequency Habitat Doses Need to characterize: - Vulnerable habitats - Thresholds ([concentration]/physical degradations) - Vulnerable species/stocks Need to realize “emission” maps (EMODNET) on a regional level Acceptable risk Need to characterize possible consequences of choosing different levels as thresholds 15 Establish expert groups that could provide statements of the biological significance of particular risks for a few species 16