Download 3) The movement of air in convective currents, such as Hadley cells

3) The movement of air in convective currents,
such as Hadley cells, does not occur in
straight lines because of the rotation of the
earth. This is known as…
a) The Rotation Effect
b) The Coriolis Effect
c) A Thermal Inversion
d) Ferrel Cycles
e) Doldrums
4) Explain, in a sentence, why the earth
experiences seasons.
The Atmosphere – Ocean
Connection
chapter 18, pgs 510-511
Board Notes
• Climate vs. Weather
• Wind?
• Cold, Warm, Stationary, Occluded Fronts
– Pictures of each
• Rotation of the earth is west to east
Hadley Cells and Global Wind
• Hadley cells are important in determining climate
Hadley Cells and Global Wind
• Hadley cells are important in determining climate
A – warm air rises and
picks up moisture
B – air expands; clouds
C – water released; rain
D – air moves from
equator, it cools and
descends
E – dry air picks up
moisture as it moves
back to equator
Hadley, Ferrel, Polar Cells
- Hadley (Oo – 30o)
- Ferrel (30o – 60o)
- Polar (60o – 90o)
`
* These cells
move in
alternating,
opposite
directions!
Hadley Cells and Global Wind
• The combination of convection currents and the
rotation of the earth on its axis produces global
wind patterns.
• Because of the rotation of earth, the movement
of air by the Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells does
not occur in straight lines.
Hadley Cells and Global Wind
• The combination of convection currents and the
rotation of the earth on its axis produces global
wind patterns.
• Because of the rotation of earth, the movement
of air by the Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells does
not occur in straight lines.
This is known as the
Coriolis Effect
Global Wind Patterns
Jet streams
Board Notes
• Drawing of global wind patterns
– Southeast Tradewinds
– Northeast Tradewinds
– Westerlies both northern hemisphere and
southern hemisphere
– Polar easterlies both northern and southern
hemisphere
Ocean Absorption
Ocean Absorption – The Good News
• The ocean holds 50x more carbon than the
atmosphere.
• It actively absorbs carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere in two ways:
1) Natural absorption of gas into the ocean
Via ocean air interaction
2) The uptake of carbon dioxide by
photosynthetic organisms
Ocean Absorption – The Good News
Ocean Absorption – The Bad News
• The oceans absorb CO2 more slowly then we
are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Ocean Absorption – The Bad News
• Recent evidence suggests ocean absorption is
now actually decreasing due to global
warming.
• Cold water can absorb more gas than warm
water – as ocean waters warm, less carbon
dioxide can be dissolved within them.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• Under normal circumstances, the trade winds
around the equator move from east to west,
causing water to move in that direction.
• Warm, surface water
moves toward the
Pacific – cold, deep
water rises to replace
the warm water along Australia
the edge of South
CHILE
America.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• Normally, water in Indonesia is around 20 inches
higher and 8oC warmer than water near South
America.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• In an El Niño event, air pressure changes,
weakening the trade winds.
• Without the force of the winds, the warm
surface water moves back eastward, stopping
cold, deep water
from rising.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• In an El Niño event, air pressure changes,
weakening the trade winds.
• Without the force of the winds, the warm
surface water moves back eastward, stopping
cold, deep water
from rising.
• This cold water
contains important
nutrients that support
marine life in these
areas.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• El Niño events not only affect marine life, but
also alters weather patterns
worldwide – creating
rainstorms and floods in dry
areas and causing drought in
generally moist areas.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• ENSO cycles are periodic, but irregular –
occurring every 2-8 years.
• May last 1-2 years.
• Scientists continue to investigate whether rising
global air and sea temperatures contribute to
the El Niño cycles.
Ocean Circulation
Ocean Circulation
• Ocean water circulation, aided by atmospheric
winds, plays a major role in world climate.
• Some things to know first:
– Cold water is denser than hot water
– Salty water is denser than fresh water
Ocean Circulation
• Water in the ocean is not static – it moves
continuously along currents (like a river within the
ocean.)
• Warm water moves along the top of cold water,
circling around the globe in a complete circuit.
Ocean Circulation
• The climates of the eastern seaboard of the
United States and Europe are warmer then
would be expected due to the North Atlantic
Current.
• The circular movement
of worldwide ocean
currents is known as
thermohaline
circulation.
Ocean Circulation
• Ocean water near the equator is heated – the
warm water sits atop cold water and moves
within ocean currents.
• As the heat
dissipates, the
water cools and
sinks and
the circuit is
repeated.
Ocean Circulation
Ocean Circulation and Global Warming
• Recently, scientists have hypothesized that
interrupting thermohaline circulation could
trigger rapid climate change.
• As global warming causes polar ice caps to
melt, freshwater is introduced into the
circulation – enough freshwater could
potentially stop the flow
of these major ocean
currents.
Ocean Circulation and Global Warming
• Recently, scientists have hypothesized that
interrupting thermohaline circulation could
trigger rapid climate change.
• As global warming causes polar ice caps to
melt, freshwater is introduced into the
circulation – enough freshwater could
potentially stop the flow of these major ocean
currents.
• “Global warming leading to global cooling”
The Day After Tomorrow