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Section 1: Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Infections can be caused in several ways. VOCABULARY virus viroid pathogen prion MAIN IDEA: Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all cause infection. 1. In the top left side of the Y shape below, fill in the blanks in the characteristics of bacteria. 2. In the top right side of the Y shape below, fill in the blanks in the characteristics of viruses. 3. At the bottom of the Y shape below, fill in the blanks in the characteristics that both bacteria and viruses share. Bacteria Viruses Made only of a strand of ______ or ______ surrounded by a _________ coat. Can cause ____________. One-celled _________________. Can cause _______________. Both Can cause ________________ in the body. Are considered ________________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 0 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 1: Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes Study Guide A continued Choose the best answer to the question. 4. Why is it hard to say whether viruses are alive or not? a. Viruses are very tiny and impossible to see without a microscope. b. Viruses cannot reproduce if they are alone — they need living cells to help them. c. Viruses can cause infection in the body and are considered pathogens. d. Viruses do not contain any genetic material such as DNA or RNA. 5. In the chart below, fill in the blanks in the description of each type of infectious particle. Infectious Particle Description Virus Made only of a __________ strand of DNA or ____ surrounded by a _________ coat. Need living cells in order to _______________ and to make __________. Much smaller than most __________. Not classified by Linneaus. Viroid Has less in common with _____________ things than viruses do. Cause disease in ___________. Made of single _________ of ____. Unlike viruses, do not have a ___________ coat. Prion Made only of __________ that can cause other ____________ to fold incorrectly. Contain no ___________ material. Cause brain diseases such as _______________________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 1 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 1: Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes Study Guide A continued Vocabulary Check Write a word from the box in the space provided. Each word will be used more than once. virus pathogen viroid prion ______________________ 6. Does not have genes ______________________ 7. Includes infectious bacteria ______________________ 8. Made of only RNA ______________________ 9. Any living thing or particle that can cause infectious disease ______________________ 10. Made only of protein ______________________ 11. Infects plants ______________________ 12. Made of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat ______________________ 13. Can contain RNA or DNA but is not living © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 2 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 1: Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 2: Viral Structure and Reproduction Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Viruses exist in a variety of shapes and sizes. VOCABULARY capsid lytic infection bacteriophage lysogenic infection prophage MAIN IDEA: Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells. 1. Sketch the three common shapes of viruses, using Figure 2.2 as a reference. Enveloped Helical Polyhedral Choose the best answer to the question. 2. What is the protein shell around each viral particle called? a. virion b. capsid c. lipid envelope d. host cell 3. What must viruses do before they can reproduce? a. infect a host cell b. undergo cell division c. prey on bacteria d. develop a lipid envelope © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 3 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 2: Viral Structure and Reproduction Study Guide A continued 4. A virus cannot infect a host cell unless a. its surface proteins give the virus a helical shape. b. its surface proteins are surrounded by a lipid envelope. c. its surface proteins fit receptor molecules on the host cell’s surface. d. its surface proteins have spikes that can be used to attach to a host cell. 5. How do the structures of bacteriophages help them infect host cells? a. They have spikes to help them attach to the host cells. b. They are the same shape as the host cells. c. They do not have cell walls, unlike the host cells. d. They are protected from the host cells by a lipid envelope. MAIN IDEA: Viruses cause two types of infections. 6. In the top left side of the Y shape below, fill in the blanks in the characteristics of a lytic infection. 7. In the top right side of the Y shape below, fill in the blanks in the characteristics of a lysogenic infection. 8. At the bottom of the Y shape below, fill in the blanks in the characteristics that both types of infections have in common. Lytic infection Lysogenic infection Viral __________ combines with host’s __________, producing new __________ called a __________. Host cell __________ and passes on the new _________. Takes control of host cell’s __________. Produces new __________. Dissolves cell __________so that new __________ are released. Both Begin infection process by _______________ host cells. Reproduce with the help of host _____________. Infect cells using genetic material. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 4 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 2: Viral Structure and Reproduction Study Guide A continued Vocabulary Check Write each word from the box next to its definition below. capsid bacteriophage lytic infection lysogenic infection ______________________ prophage 9. Virus that infects bacteria ______________________ 10. Viral DNA plus host cell DNA ______________________ 11. Protein shell of a virus ______________________ 12. Infection where virus combines its DNA with host cell’s DNA ______________________ 13. Infection where host cell bursts, releasing viral offspring © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 5 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 2: Viral Structure and Reproduction Section 3: Viral Diseases Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Some viral diseases can be prevented with vaccines. VOCABULARY epidemic vaccine retrovirus MAIN IDEA: Viruses cause many infectious diseases. Choose the best answer to the question. 1. What is the body’s first defense against infection? a. white blood cells b. the skin c. cell membranes d. lipid envelopes 2. What is one way in which viruses commonly enter the body? a. through unbroken skin b. through mucous membranes in the nose or mouth c. through the fingernails d. through the skeletal system 3. How do some viruses trick cells into letting them in? a. by using their surface proteins as “keys” to the cell’s receptors b. by trying to look as much like normal body cells as possible c. by producing spikes that they can use to penetrate the body cells d. by changing their DNA or RNA to match that of the body 4. Why is it not easy to find a cure for the common cold? a. because cold viruses cannot be weakened for use in a vaccine b. because cold viruses enter the body through the nose and mouth c. because cold viruses contain DNA and RNA that scientists have never seen before d. because cold viruses often mutate as they move from one person to another © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 6 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 3: Viral Diseases Study Guide A continued 5. Why must a new flu vaccine be made every year? a. Scientists keep trying, but they cannot get the vaccine just right. b. New mutations of the flu appear every year that are different from the previous year’s flu. c. If people did not get vaccinated against the flu every year, they would be sure to get sick. d. Every year people are vaccinated with all the previous vaccines and a new one, just in case. 6. Why might a person who has AIDS have a hard time fighting off normally harmless microorganisms? a. One of the symptoms of the HIV virus is that it makes you feel tired all the time. b. The HIV virus attacks white blood cells from the body’s immune system. c. HIV can remain dormant, so its victims don’t realize that they need to take care of themselves. d. HIV is constantly mutating, and the body is so weak from fighting it that it cannot fight other pathogens. MAIN IDEA: Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 7. A vaccine is a weakened / strengthened version of the same pathogen that causes the disease that the vaccine is intended to prevent. 8. Vaccines work by provoking the body’s immune system into a mild / strong response, so that it will recognize the pathogen again in the future if it should encounter it. 9. Vaccines cause the body’s immune system to react when it meets the surface proteins / cell membrane of a bacteria or virus. 10. Vaccines are usually one way / the only way that scientists can fight against the spread of a viral infection. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 7 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 3: Viral Diseases Study Guide A continued Vocabulary Check Write each word from the box next to its definition. epidemic vaccine retrovirus ______________________ 11. Contains RNA and uses a special enzyme to make a DNA copy ______________________ 12. Rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people ______________________ 13. Stimulates the body’s own immune response against invading microbes Identify the Infection Match each infection with its characteristics. Refer to Figure 3.4 as you work. 14. Disease caused by the bite of an infected animal a. chicken pox 15. Disease caused by the bite of an infected insect b. rabies 16. Disease caused by contact with a particular rash c. West Nile 17. Disease that causes swelling in glands under a person’s jaw d. mumps 18. Disease that causes yellow skin, fatigue, and abdominal pain e. hepatitis A © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 8 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 3: Viral Diseases Section 4: Bacteria and Archaea Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Bacteria and archaea are both single-celled prokaryotes. VOCABULARY obligate anaerobe plasmid obligate aerobe flagellum facultative aerobe conjugation endospore MAIN IDEA: Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth. Choose the best answer for the question. 1. Bacteria and archaea together make up the most widespread group of organisms on Earth, the a. eukaryotes. b. prokaryotes. c. viruses. d. pathogens. 2. Some prokaryotes are poisoned if they come into contact with oxygen. Where might you find one? a. in a desert b. in the digestive tract of a cow c. on a polar ice cap d. in a body of water © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 9 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 4: Bacteria and Archaea Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Bacteria and archaea are structurally similar but have different molecular characteristics. 3. In the top left of the Y shape, fill in the blanks in the characteristics of bacteria. 4. In the top right of the Y shape, fill in the blanks in the characteristics of archaea. 5. At the bottom of the Y shape, fill in the blanks in the characteristics bacteria and archaea have in common Archaea Bacteria Found in _________ environments. Common, widespread Cell walls contain a polymer called _______________. Cell walls and membranes contain _________ that are not found in any other organism on Earth. Both Small, single-_________ organisms Have cell _____ and plasma ____________ Most have the ability to __________ on their own. MAIN IDEA: Bacteria have various strategies for survival. Choose whether the statement is true or false. 6. true / false Since prokaryotes reproduce asexually, they do not exchange any genetic material with other organisms. 7. true / false Binary fission, which means “division in half,” is a method scientists use when they are studying prokaryotes. 8. true / false During the process of conjugation, prokaryotes build bridges between organisms in order to exchange genetic material with each other. 9. true / false Some bacteria can survive even harsh conditions by producing an endospore. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 10 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 4: Bacteria and Archaea Study Guide A continued 10. true / false Endospores can last for hundreds of years and have even been found inside Egyptian mummies. 11. true / false To form an endospore, the bacterium undergoes binary fission. Vocabulary Check Draw lines to match each word or phrase with its definition. 12. Can survive whether oxygen is present or not a. endospore 13. Long whiplike structure used for movement b. conjugation 14. Needs oxygen to survive c. flagellum 15. Specialized prokaryotic cell that can withstand harsh conditions d. plasmid 16. Prokaryotic method of gene exchange e. facultative aerobe 17. Cannot live in the presence of oxygen f. obligate aerobe 18. Separate circular piece of a prokaryote’s genetic material g. obligate anaerobe © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 11 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 4: Bacteria and Archaea © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 12 Viruses and Prokaryotes Section 6: Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics