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Final Prep: Grammar Review
I. Parts of Speech
nouns
predicate
nominatives
(PN)
direct objects
name a person, place, thing, idea, event, quality, or emotion
nouns or pronouns that follow a linking verb & rename the subject
S + LV + PN
Madame Curie became an expert on radioactivity.
S
LV
PN
nouns or pronouns that answer the questions “what” or “whom”
after the action verb
(Save your DOG.)
John called Brianna.
S
indirect objects
(Solve your PIN.)
AV
The principal tossed the keys to me.
DO
S
AV
DO
nouns or pronouns that answer the questions “to what” or “to whom”
after the action verb
(Save your ID.)
Marla gave her dog a treat.
S
AV
IO
DO
He bought his dad tickets.
S
AV
IO
DO
Save your ID!
S = subject, av = action verb, I = indirect object, D = direct object
Memory trick:
pronouns
take the place of a noun; pronouns can do anything nouns can do
Pronouns: Antecedents and Number Agreement
 Pronouns must agree with their antecedents (antecedent = noun the pronoun replaces)
 When using a pronoun as a subject, be sure that the pronoun and its verb agree in number.
Practice Exercise 1: Circle the correct pronoun.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Someone forgot to bring (his, their) binder.
Each should be sure to bring (his, their) number 2 pencil to class.
Everyone should study (his, their) notes!
Anyone without (his, their) homework will lose points.
Each of the contenders took (his, their) turn in the ring.
Subject/Verb Agreement
 Be sure that your verb agrees with its subject (is correctly conjugated).
 A singular subject requires a singular verb, and a plural subject requires a plural verb.
Practice Exercise 2: Circle the correct verb form.
1.
Johnny and Jason (play, plays) basketball.
2. She (are, is) an exceptional person.
3. There (is, are) too many items in your cart for the express lane.
4. The girls and I (was, were) ready on time.
5. There (is, are) one thing you should know about Marna.
describe or modify nouns & pronouns
adjectives
The articles a, an, and the are adjectives!
Answer the questions: Which one? What kind? How many?
predicate
adjectives
(PA)
adjectival prep
phrases
adjectives that follow a linking verb & describe the subject
S + LV + PA
(Solve your PA.)
The dessert on the back table is delicious.
S
LV
The tall boy is athletic.
PA
S
LV
PA
Adjectival prep phrases modify & follow nouns or pronouns.
Examples of adjectival prep phrases:
woman in the red dress
everyone from Kansas
girl in the green scarf
dog without a leash
show location or relationship
prepositions
Prepositional phrases function as adjectives or adverbs.
Prep phrases:
(during school), (for the best), (through the fire), (across the street)
P + OP
P
OP
P
OP
P
OP
modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs
adverbs
adverbial prep
phrases
Answer these questions:
How?
(completely, well)
Where? (here, inside)
When?
(often, soon)
To what extent? (very, often, quite)
Adverbial prep phrases can be at the beginning of the sentence,
or they follow the verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs that they
modify.
Examples of adverbial prep phrases:
On Saturday, we went to the movies.
Rhonda splashed in the puddles.
conjunctions
(beginning of sentence & after verb)
(after a verb)
connect words, phrases, & clauses
The sisters were late, so they missed the entire movie.(compound sentence)
Used in compound sentences with one of the coordinating conjunctions.
F_______
A_______
N_______
B_______
O_______
Y_______
S_______
(FANBOYS)
Correlative conjunctions: Pairs of words!
Both parts are needed . . .
Not only . . . but also
Jen not only sings, but she also dances.
express a physical or mental action or a state of being
verbs
Can be action or linking:
action verbs – tell what the subject does or has, can be
physical or mental (e.g., to have, to depart, to jog)
linking verbs – expresse a state of being
e.g., am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
become, seem, feel, appear, sound, etc.
verb phrase
active voice
A group of words that make up the verb of the sentence.
Verb phrases contain helping verbs.
action verb phrase:
linking verb phrase:
She must have been texting her friends.
In July, she will be in summer school.
In the active voice, the subject performs the action.
The bunnies ate Oliver’s carrots.
S
AV
Their teacher speaks French.
DO
S
AV
In the passive voice, the subject receives the action.
passive voice
Formula: Form of “to be” + past participle
Oliver’s carrots were eaten by the bunnies.
French is spoken by their teacher.
The mail was delivered.
DO
shifts in verb
tense
Verb tense shifts happen when a writer changes from one verb tense to
another (usually from past to present, or vice versa) within a sentence or
paragraph. Avoid shifts in verb tenses! Maintain the same tense throughout
sentences/paragraphs.
The artists huddled in the cold and sketch the river at dawn.
Whenever Tori dodges the ball, her team cheered loudly.
Punctuation:
 See comma review packet for rules, examples, & practice exercises.
 See Grammar Practice Packet for additional punctuation review.
Apostrophes
 Always add (‘s) unless it is plural and it ends in an s; in that case, just add an apostrophe.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All three (girls’/ girl’s) lockers were jammed.
(Someone’s/someones) homework is on the floor.
We have a pass to go to (Mr. Mason’s/Mr. Masons’) room for RA.
The (mice’s/mices’) plan helped Cinderella.
Did you find (James’/James’s) textbook?