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Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 “Actually, in its purest form, Islam is incredibly tolerant. That makes what's going on in the world really bizarre.” - Steve Earle Banging your head against a wall uses 150 calories an hour. Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 The Origins of Islam Main Idea Muhammad, a merchant whom Muslims believe was the last prophet, reported that he received messages from God. The religion he taught—Islam—drew many followers. Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization The Arabian Peninsula Arabia was sparsely populated 1,500 years ago. Small bands of bedouins moved their herds between scattered oases in the desert. The Setting • Farming limited in Arabia • Commerce lively – Trade routes converged at Arabian Peninsula – Ideas as well as merchandise exchanged – Trade-dependent towns rose near coasts • Mecca, near Red Sea, most important of coastal towns Religious Function • The Kaaba, cube-shaped structure, at heart of Mecca • 500s, already ancient, considered sacred • Possible meteorite built into one wall, “relic from heaven” • Idols of local gods inside • Site drew religious pilgrims • One god considered supreme: Allah Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muhammad the Messenger Early Life • Muhammad ibn Abd Allah born 570 • Parents died, Muhammad raised by uncle, powerful clan leader • Grew up to have successful career in Mecca as merchant • Married to older woman at age 25, fathered seven children, all but one of whom died young • Met followers of Judaism, Christianity while traveling on business Muhammad’s Faith • Had always been religious man, but faiths of others probably also influenced Muhammad’s thinking • Took frequent spiritual retreats • Angel appeared to him during retreat, commanded him to speak messages from Allah • Muhammad disturbed by visitation, unsure of meaning • After more visits from angel, Muhammad concluded God had chosen him to be prophet Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Sharing the Revelations Hegira • 622, Muhammad moved to Yathrib, came to be called Medina, “the Prophet’s City”; journey from Mecca to Medina came to be known as hegira • Later Muslims marked year of hegira as first year of Islamic calendar Building Faith • Muhammad spent decade building community of fellow believers • Called faith Islam, meaning “achieving peace through submission to God” • Followers known as Muslims Mecca • People of Mecca who wanted Muhammad stopped did not give up • Fought several battles with Muhammad, followers, ultimately lost ground • 630, Muhammad controlled Mecca, influence unmatched Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Basic Ideas of Islam • As Muhammad gained political power, revelations continued • Muhammad could not read, write; recited revelations • Followers memorized words, some wrote them down • Writings Muslims believe as direct revelations from God collected in Qur’an, sacred test of Islam Qur’an • Muslims read from Qur’an to hear Allah’s teachings • Seek religious experience in rhythm, beauty of words • Full meaning known only in original Arabic language • Translations not true representation Five Pillars of Islam • Five basic acts of worship central to Islam, Five Pillars of Islam • Profession of faith • Performance of five daily prayers • Giving of alms to poor, needy • Fasting during month of Ramadan • Make pilgrimage to Mecca Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 “I am prepared to die, but there is no cause for which I am prepared to kill.” - Mahatma Gandhi Your thumb is the same length as your nose. Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 The Spread of Islam Main Idea After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread. Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Islam after Muhammad’s Death The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslim community. Who would lead the group and keep it unified? The answer affected the faith’s spread and its future. Muhammad’s Successors • Muhammad had not named successor Priorities • Abu Bakr focused on bringing back bedouin tribes • No clear candidate • Abu Bakr, close companion, early convert, chosen leader, called caliph, “successor” • Built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under control • Reunified Arabia, led forces north Expansion of Territory • Abu Bakr, successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule rapidly • 637 early victory against Persian forces in Iraq • 642 victory over Persian Empire complete • 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia in East Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Abu Bakr Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Umar Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Civil War Internal Conflict and Division • Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph. Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali • 644, Ali lost to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan Umayyad Ali’s Troubles • Umayyads had been Muhammad’s enemies, converted reluctantly, were unpopular Sunnis and Shias • Most Muslims accepted Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya • Uthman killed by rebels • Called Sunnis, “followers of the Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet” • Ali became caliph, but troubles had just begun • Ali’s supporters refused to go along with Umayyads. • Civil war broke out between Ali’s forces, Umayyad; Ali killed, Umayyad retook control • Became known as the Shia, “party of Ali” Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Ali Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 The Shia and Imams Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s descendants • Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs • Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam – Imam means “leader” – For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an. Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads. Maroon - Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632 – Salmon - Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661 – Yellow - Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization The Umayyad Dynasty Section 1 Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal problems weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall. Continued Expansion • Umayyads strengthened rule after death of Husayn End of the Umayyads • Umayyads weakened by discontent, time ripe for rebellion • Achievements: Arabic as official language, uniform coinage, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem • Conquests spread Muslim faith, while allowing religious freedom for People of the Book; some restrictions, taxes for Non-Muslims however • Shia continued opposition, unrest among conquered people, some Arab tribes • Abbasids, led by descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, united many Umayyad opponents by appearing to support their causes • Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in series of battles, late 740s • Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization The Abbasid Dynasty Baghdad Persian Influence • Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate; rulers lived in splendor • Move to Baghdad beginning of end of Arab domination of Muslim world • Chose Baghdad, on Tigris River, in present-day Iraq • Abbasids adopted Persian style of government Government • Rulers cut off from people Change in Islam • Nature of Islam changed • Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room, could not be seen • Abbasids invited all to join in, turned Islam into universal religion, attracted people of many cultures • Used Persian officials; vizier, deputy, oversaw affairs of state • Support of scholarship helped produce lasting achievements of Islamic arts, sciences • Islam spread through trade Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Contrast How did the Abbasids differ from the Umayyads? Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on prosperity and cultural advancement than on empire expansion. Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization The End of Unity As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the 900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from the caliphate. Challenges from Europe Problems from Egypt • European Christians weakened Muslim rule • 969, serious threat, Fatimid dynasty established in Egypt • Christian armies began to drive Muslims out of Spain, 1000s • Claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah • European Christians began Crusades • From Egypt, controlled Mediterranean, Red Sea – Wanted to make Holy Land Christian, won at first • Disrupted Abbasid trade – Muslims eventually retook Jerusalem • Fatamids soon richer, more powerful than Abbasids Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Seljuk Turks and Others Seljuk Turks • Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks • 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad • Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph War Against Byzantine Empire • Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war against Byzantine Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert • Seljuks would go on to create own empire Mamluks and Mongols • 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria • 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished • Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Society and Culture Main Idea For the first Muslims, Islam was more than a religion. It was a guide to political, social and cultural life. The early Muslims responded with spectacular achievement in many fields. Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Muslim Scholarship Learning added to Muslim cultural unity. Scholars made essential contributions in several fields. Many later European intellectual achievements grew out of the work of Muslim scholars. Translations • Through translations from Greek, texts from Hippocrates, Euclid, Galen, Ptolemy made available to new audiences • Texts stimulated further study throughout Muslim world • Influence of texts extended to Europe; eventually translated into Latin, made available to European scholars • Muslim scholars made significant contributions in the following fields: astronomy (calendar and astrolabe), mathematics (algebra and trigonometry), medicine, geography, history, arts, literature (calligraphy, Qur’an, Arabian Nights), and architecture Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires Main Idea The Ottoman and Safavid empires flourished under powerful rulers who expanded the territory and cultural influence of their empires. Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization The Ottoman Empire Mongol conquests of the 1200s ripped apart the Seljuk Turk empire. Small, independent Turkish states formed in the region. In the late 1200s, a great chieftain arose from one of the states and went on to found the powerful Ottoman Empire. Growth of the Empire • Early 1300s, Anatolia bordered by declining Christian Byzantine Empire to west, Muslim empires to east; to north, Russia Ottomans • Nomadic people, ghazis, “warriors for the Islam faith” • Ghazi leader Osman I had built strong state in Anatolia by 1300 • Turks of Anatolia mainly Muslim, nomadic, militaristic society • Osman, descendants came to be known as Ottomans to Westerners Their power grew quickly, and by the mid-1300s the Ottomans controlled much of Anatolia. Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Sultans Expanding Empire Military Might • Osman’s son, Orhan I, became second Ottoman ruler; declared himself sultan, Arabic for “ruler” • Military key to Ottoman success • Under Orhan, later sultans, Ottoman forces swept into Balkans, attacked Byzantine Empire • Boys converted to Islam, trained as elite soldiers, Janissaries; loyal only to sultan • 1361, took Adrianople, second most important Byzantine city; renamed Edirne, made it capital • By early 1400s, Ottomans controlled much of Balkan Peninsula • Ottomans enslaved Christian boys from conquered areas • Practice called blood tax by many Christians • Ottomans also adopted gunpowder weapons • Now possible to take cities defended by heavy walls Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Orhan I Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Invasion and Decline • Despite strong military, Ottomans experienced setback • Central Asian conqueror Timur attacked – Because of leg injury, known as Timur the Lame; in Europe, Tamerlane – In 1402 army crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara • Timur soon withdrew – Ottoman empire left in shambles – Ruler dead – Bloody power struggle followed, weakened empire Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Fall of Constantinople Expansion period • Following period of decline, spectacular phase of expansion began • Mid-1400s, reign of Mehmed II, strong military leader • Mehmed II determined to take Constantinople, Byzantine capital Bosporus Strait • Ottomans had captured lands around Constantinople, but not city itself • Constantinople controlled Bosporus Strait, trade route between Asia, Europe • Control of waterway provided great wealth, divided Ottoman Empire Mehmed the Conqueror • 1453, Ottomans led major land, sea assault against Constantinople • Used massive cannons to batter city’s walls; city fell after two month siege • Byzantine Empire no longer existed; Mehmed became known as “the Conqueror;” claimed center of eastern Christianity for Islam Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Pillaging the City • Mehmed made Constantinople his capital, named Istanbul • Allowed soldiers to pillage city for three days • Many residents killed or enslaved • Then rebuilt Constantinople into Muslim city Rebuilding the City • Mehmed had palaces, mosques built • Turned Hagia Sophia, Orthodox Christian cathedral, into mosque • Moved people from across empire to repopulate city • Soon city again major trade center with people of many cultures Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Height of the Empire Expansion and Threats • Expansion continued • Met new threat in Persia—the Safavid Empire • In 1514 Ottoman forces crushed Safavids at Battle of Chaldiran Suleyman the Lawgiver • During Suleyman’s forty-six year reign, Ottoman forces pushed through Hungary up to Vienna • Navy gained control of eastern Mediterranean, North African coast • Next swept through Syrian, into Egypt in North Africa • Soon after captured Mecca, Medina, holy cities of Islam • Empire reached height under Suleyman I, known in West as Suleyman “the Magnificent” • Impressive domestic achievements • Reformed tax system, overhauled government bureaucracy, improved court system, legal code Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Society and Culture Rule of Sultans • Ottoman sultan ruled over vast, diverse empire; had immense power, issued all laws, made all major decisions • Numerous officials advised sultan—considered his slaves; had to be loyal to sultan, practice Islam, follow Ottoman customs Classes • Privileged ruling class one of two classes—second class, everyone else • Included people of many cultures, languages, religions • Ottomans governed diverse subjects with tolerance Religious Freedom • Non-Muslims had to pay heavy taxes, endure restrictions; did not have to serve in military—Muslims had to join military, but did not pay taxes • Religious freedom allowed; some groups required to form millets, or religious communities; each millet followed own laws, chose own leaders Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Rich Culture Great Buildings • Mixing of peoples created rich Ottoman culture, reached peak under Suleyman • Magnificent mosques, palaces, many with Byzantine influence Empire’s Decline • After Suleyman’s reign, empire declined • One cause was method of dealing with heirs • New sultans killed brothers to eliminate rivals until 1600s Mosque of Suleyman • Sinan, master designer of Mosque of Suleyman, Istanbul • Graceful solution of problem of combining round dome, rectangular building Inexperienced Sultans • Heirs locked in royal palace; released to become sultan but had no experience • Despite periodic reform efforts, series of weak sultans resulted • Empire lasted to early 1900s Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization The Safavid Empire East of the Ottomans, Persian Muslims called the Safavids began building an empire around 1500. The Safavids soon came into conflict with the Ottomans and other Muslims. The conflict related to Islam’s split into rival Sunni and Shia sects. The Safavids were Shia; most other Muslims were Sunnis. Growth of the Empire Official Religion Persian Tradition • 14-year old Esma’il, founder of Safavid Empire • Gained control of what is • Sunnis majority in empire now Iran, part of Iraq • Father died fighting Sunni Muslims • Took Persian title of shah, “king” of Safavid Empire • Blending of Shia religion, Persian tradition gave Safavid state unique identity • Made Shiism official religion • Laid foundation for national culture of present day Iran • 1501, took up sword, joined by father’s supporters, led army in Persian conquests • Advisers concerned Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Esma’il and Shiism • Shiism sharply distinguished Safavid state from Sunni neighbors, notably Ottomans to west, Uzbeks to northeast • Esma’il dreamed of converting all Sunnis to Shiism • Battled Uzbeks with some success; suffered crushing defeat by Ottomans in Battle of Chaldiran, 1514 • Safavid army no match for Ottomans’ superior gunpowder weapons ‘Abbas Ottoman Model • 1524, Esma’il died; later shahs struggled • Copied Ottoman model, had slave to keep empire together youths captured in Russia trained to be soldiers • 1588, greatest Safavid leader, ‘Abbas became shah • Reformed government, strengthened military, acquired modern gunpowder weapons • Under ‘Abbas, Safavids defeated Uzbeks, gained back land lost to Ottomans Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Culture and Economy Golden Age • ‘Abbas’ achievements produced golden age in Safavid culture • Brought in Chinese potters to improve quality of glazed tile, ceramics • Safavids created public spaces with graceful arches, lush gardens • Colorful tiles, domes decorated mosques • During 1600s capital of Esfahan one of world’s magnificent cities Major Muslim Civilization • Culture helped economy; ‘Abbas encouraged traditional products • Hand-woven Persian carpets became important industry, export • Trade goods brought wealth, helped establish Safavid Empire as major Muslim civilization. Safavid Empire lasted until 1722 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1 Muslim MuslimCivilization Civilization Section 1
