* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Los tiempos perfectos (The Perfect Tenses)
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic weak verb wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho verbs wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Tense–aspect–mood wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chichewa tenses wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Grammatical tense wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Finnish verb conjugation wikipedia , lookup
1 The Perfect Tenses of the Indicative The perfect tenses (tiempos perfectos) or compound tenses (tiempos compuestos) have two parts: the auxiliary verb (verbo auxiliar) haber plus a past participle (participio pasado). Each simple tense of the indicative has a corresponding perfect tense, which means there are five perfect tenses in the indicative: Simple Tenses Present (presente) Imperfect (imperfecto) Preterit (pretérito) Future (futuro) Conditional (condicional) Perfect or Compound Tenses Present perfect (pretérito perfecto) Past perfect or pluperfect (pluscuamperfecto) Preterit perfect (pretérito anterior) Future perfect (futuro perfecto) Conditional perfect (condicional perfecto). They are “perfect” or “perfective” because they express a completed action or state. • The auxiliary verb The first part of the perfect tenses is a form of haber conjugated in the present, the imperfect, the preterit, the future or the conditional. • The past participle The second part is the masculine singular form of the past participle of the verb we are conjugating. Regular past participles are obtained by removing the ending of the infinitive (-ar, -er, ir) and adding –ado (to first-conjugation verbs) and –ido (to second- and thirdconjugation verbs): cantado, comido, vivido. Second- and third-conjugation verbs whose stem ends in a, e, or o will need an accent mark over the –i- in order to break the diphthong: traer -> traído, leer -> leído, oír -> oído, (son)reír -> (son)reído. This is not the case with verbs whose stem ends in u: destruir -> destruido. Irregular past participles may have different stems or different endings. Here are some of the most common ones (the verbs in the second column are formed on the verbs on the first column and follow the same patterns): abrir cubrir abierto cubierto opened closed, shut decir dicho said, told escribir escrito written hacer morir poner hecho muerto puesto done, made died, dead put, placed, set descubrir encubrir contradecir predecir describir prescribir deshacer descubierto encubierto contradicho predicho descrito prescrito deshecho discovered covered up contradicted foretold described prescribed unmade anteponer deponer antepuesto depuesto put before deposed 2 romper ver volver roto visto vuelto broken, torn seen returned imponer oponer suponer impuesto opuesto supuesto imposed opposed supposed prever devolver previsto devuelto foreseen returned Present Perfect (Pretérito perfecto) Form The present tense of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle: he hablado has hablado ha hablado hemos hablado habéis hablado han hablado I have spoken you have spoken he/she has spoken we have spoken you have spoken they have spoken Uses The present perfect is used to indicate an action or state that has taken place —has been completed— before the present, like in English. Nosotros hemos viajado mucho. Siempre he sido una buena estudiante. Hoy he desayunado muy bien. We have traveled a lot. I have always been a good student. Today I have had a good breakfast. Today I had a good breakfast. In some cases, different communities of speakers may favor the present perfect over the preterit, or the other way around. Beware: 1) Expressions of the type “have been –ing” are not rendered in Spanish with a present perfect, as we have seen before, but with a present and the time expressions desde hace or hace…que, or with the present tense of llevar + time expression + gerund, as in the examples below: I have worked here for 6 years. Hace 6 años que trabajo aquí. Trabajo aquí desde hace 6 años. Llevo 6 años trabajando aquí. 3 2) Expressions of the type “have just (done something)” are not rendered in Spanish with a present perfect, but with the present tense of the verb acabar (“to finish, to end”) + de + an infinitive: I have just seen Frida. Acabo de ver Frida. Pluperfect or Past Perfect (Pluscuamperfecto) Form The imperfect of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle: había hablado habías hablado había hablado habíamos hablado habíais hablado habían hablado I had spoken you had spoken he/she had spoken we had spoken you had spoken they had spoken Uses The pluperfect is normally the past of a past action (usually expressed in the preterit, the imperfect, or the present perfect), just like in English, as illustrated by the following examples: Mi madre me dijo que ya había comprado la fruta. My mother told me that she had already bought the fruit. Mi padre me decía que ya había sufrido mucho en su vida. My father used to tell me that he had already suffered a lot in his life. Mi amiga me ha dicho que habían cerrado la tienda. My friend has told me that they had closed the store. Beware: 1) Expressions of the type “had been –ing” are not rendered in Spanish with a pluperfect, as we have seen before, but with an imperfect and the time expressions desde hacía or hacía…que, or with the imperfect of llevar + time expression + gerund, as in the examples below: I had worked there for 6 years. Hacía 6 años que trabajaba allí. Trabajaba allí desde hacía 6 años. Llevaba 6 años trabajando allí. 4 2) Expressions of the type “had just (done something)” are not rendered in Spanish with a pluperfect, but with the imperfect of the verb acabar (“to finish, to end”) + de + an infinitive: I had just seen Frida. Acababa de ver Frida. Preterit Perfect (Pretérito anterior) Form The preterit of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle: hube hablado hubiste hablado hubo hablado hubimos hablado hubisteis hablado hubieron hablado I had spoken you had spoken he/she had spoken we had spoken you had spoken they had spoken Uses This tense is generally limited to written Spanish. You will probably never use it, although you should learn to recognize it when you see it in newspapers, novels, etc. Its meaning is virtually identical to that of the pluperfect. El asesino procedió a descuartizar a su víctima una vez que la hubo matado. The killer proceeded to quarter his victim once he had killed him/her. Future Perfect (Futuro perfecto) Form The future of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle: habré hablado habrás hablado habrá hablado habremos hablado habréis hablado habrán hablado I will have spoken you will have spoken he/she will have spoken we will have spoken you will have spoken they will have spoken 5 Uses 1. The future perfect in Spanish is used just like in English, to convey an action or a state that will have been done in the future: Mañana habré terminado mi novela. Tomorrow I will have finished my novel. Para el 2150 habremos destruido el planeta. By 2150 we will have destroyed the planet. 2. The future perfect can express probability or conjecture in the past (just like the future can express probability or conjecture in the present): ¿Qué habrán comido los niños? I wonder what the children have eaten / ate. Son las 5: papá y mamá ya habrán llegado. It’s 5: mom and dad must have arrived by now. Conditional Perfect (Condicional perfecto) Form The conditional of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle: habría hablado habrías hablado habría hablado habríamos hablado habríais hablado habrían hablado I would have spoken you would have spoken he/she would have spoken we would have spoken you would have spoken they would have spoken Uses You will encounter this tense mostly in the main clause of conditional sentences whose subordinate clause has a pluperfect subjunctive: Mi madre me habría mandado a una escuela pública si hubiera tenido dinero. My mother would have sent me to a public school if she had had money. 6 Ejercicios A) Un diario. En su diario, una niña escribe las cosas que han pasado hoy. Complétalo con el pretérito prefecto de indicativo de los verbos en paréntesis. Hoy yo _______________________ (dormir) hasta las 10 porque no tengo que ir al colegio: ¡son las vacaciones de primavera! Yo _______________________ (levantarse) tarde. Mi hermana y yo ___________________ (desayunar) cereales y _______________________ (ir) al parque a jugar. Después del almuerzo, mis padres ________________________ (ver) una película en la televisión, mi hermana _______________________ (leer) en su cuarto y yo _______________________ (nadar) en la piscina del gimnasio. ¿Qué _____________________ (hacer) vosotras? B) Form complete sentences from the phrases provided to explain what the following people had done before they left on their trip to Panama. 1. mi novio(a) y yo / visitamos la agencia de viajes 2. la secretaria / hacer reservas en un hotel de lujo 3. yo / pagar los billetes 4. mis padres / conseguir los pasaportes 5. tú / leer una guía sobre el Canal de Panamá C) ¿Qué habías hecho antes? You are at the university now. Talk to a friend about the things you had done before coming to the university according to the model. Modelo: tú / comer comida vegetariana - ¿Tú habías comido comida vegetariana antes? - No, yo no había comido comida vegetariana antes. Sí, yo sí había comido comida vegetariana antes. 1. tu familia / visitar esta parte del país 2. tú / echar de menos a tu familia 3. tus padres / pasar tanto tiempo lejos de ti 4. tus profesores / hablar de filosofía tibetana 5. tú / ver un campus tan bonito D) Completa las oraciones siguientes con la forma correcta del pluscuamperfecto del verbo adecuado: 1. Nosotros ya ____________ __________________ cuando la policía llamó. (leer / llegar) 2. Yo ya ____________ _________________ antes de ir a la biblioteca anoche. (comer / ver) 3. ¿Uds. ya ____________ ________________ los billetes antes de ir a cenar? (estudiar / comprar) 7 4. Fui a España el verano pasado, pero ____________ __________________ allí dos veces antes. (estar / ser) 5. Ellos ya ____________ __________________ antes de salir anoche. (estudiar / cenar) 6. Tomás hizo un viaje a Perú en abril, pero antes ____________ __________________ en Ecuador. (visitar / estar) 7. Carlos vino a las diez, pero antes ____________ __________________ con Teresa para hablar con ella. (visitar / estar) 8. Mi novio ya ____________ __________________ cuando lo llamé. (salir / dejar) E) Traduce las oraciones siguientes a español. 1. She has published a new novel. 2. She has just published a new novel. 3. By tomorrow everyone will have heard about us. 4. They insisted that they had always told the truth. 5. Have you finished you homework yet? 6. She had promised me that she would come with. 7. Will you have paid all your bills by the time you graduate? 8. They had just left when the accident happened. 9. I have never been able to get to class on time. 10. This would never have happened, but you insisted on drinking and drinking…