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Listening , reading and translation but you have the General Exam Techniques: Look at the number of points for each answer and ensure you have an answer for each point Ensure that the answer matches the format requested eg if it asks for a letter don‟t write a number! If you get stuck move on don‟t spend too long on one question you can always come back to it! Read the question carefully and highlight any key points to ensure you answer it correctly! Pick out cognates – words that look like English words •If you make a mistake: If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out neatly and write the answer alongside. This sounds obvious, but every year candidates lose marks because the examiner can‟t read the answer clearly. Also, make sure your handwriting of letters is neat or you will lose the mark (A, B, C, D…) Listening and Reading Exam Multiple choice questions: Examiners like to mention all the pictures to confuse you! It isn‟t necessarily going to be the first picture they mention. Be careful if they mention a negative in the question, and listen out for the little words like “no”, “nunca”, “nada” in the answer; what is the next picture they mention after a negative word? English comprehension questions: Use the question to help you work out what you have to listen for. “How many?” is asking for a number, “when?” is asking for a day or time, “where?” for a place, “what?” for an activity, “why?” for a reason, and so on. Make sure you are answering the question. Be careful when the question has a bold word like “most”, “even worse”, “never”, etc, or is asking for a negative. Listening and Reading Exam Make sure you word the answer well with a verb included. (Example: What is Julia doing after watching TV? Avoid answering just “homework” and aim to include a verb if necessary; “doing homework”). •Word Selection questions: Sometimes you have to choose the right words for the answers from a selection box - there will usually be a few extra words added to make the exercise more difficult. Concentrate on the words you will need and ignore unnecessary words. Positive, negative or positive & negative questions: In this type of task you need to carefully listen for key words that suggest positive connotations like “bien”, “bueno”, “ventaja”, “mejor”, etc, or negative connotations like “mal”, “malo”, “peor”, “desventaja”, etc. - In these types of questions you need to be careful with connectives mentioned: connectives can help you find out whether it's P, N or PN. - Connectives like “and” and “also” link two similar opinions, for example: “es aburrido y dificil” or “no es caro, es cómodo también.” Therefor,e connectives like “y” and “también/además” link either P opinions or N opinions. - However, connectives such as “pero”, “aunque” or “sin embargo” link two different opinions, for example: “es un trabajo bien pagado pero las horas son largas” or “es bueno para la salud, sin embargo es caro”. -Therefore, connectives such as “pero”, “aunque” or “sin embargo” can link P & N opinions. Reading Read the text through first to get the gist and to help you know where to look for the answers. (Remember these are always in order) Ignore words which you don‟t need to use to answer the question Work out the grammar behind the words/phrases – is it past tense/future tense? Substitute English words, eg Ella lee un libro = She *somethings* a book What type of text: poem, newspaper article, brochure? Examine pictures/title for clues? Look at punctuation for clues/question marks/capital letters Listen out for verbs and other textual markers, such as tenses, numbers, names, places, times, colours, opinions, reasons .... Listening Use the reading time wisely and pay particular attention to questions which ask you to answer by writing words or phrases. Make the most of both of the play-throughs and double check the second time as you might have missed something vital. Use the time between the questions to continue to check your answers and read ahead Listen for bits you know will come up and use them to help you to put the other bits into context. Listen carefully to the examples to ensure you understand how to answer each question Read the question very, very carefully and listen very, very carefully. Don‟t switch off in the long pauses, or you might miss the beginning of the next question! Read the question. Which keywords will come up? Listen out for them. Which words are around the keywords? Listening Listen out for verbs and other clues such as tenses, names, times, opinions, reasons… Listen to the tone of the speakers‟ voices for clues Narrow down your options as far as you can and then make a calculated guess if necessary. DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!! Even if you don‟t understand all of it, what would make sense? Can you guess the answer from the context? Do you have enough key words to make an educated guess? Watch out for negatives, especially when one short word can change the whole meaning, (no … in Spanish). Also time phrases, such as when I was younger. Will the answer be split into different sections with a pause (a, b, c) or will you hear everything all at once and have to work out which bit goes where? Be very precise, especially when the word „exactly’ is used – it means full details are needed. Translation - Read through your piece carefully before you start. - Work then at sentence level. For each, try to produce a Spanish equivalent. As you build each sentence, use a mental checklist for accuracy - Verbs : Look carefully at the verb endings to work out the tense (past, present, future) - Subject – Verb agreement (Who is doing what?) - Tense (When?) - Position in the sentence - Nouns - Masculine/Feminine - Singular/Plural - Definite/Indefinite article - Adjectives - Noun – Adjective agreement - Position - If you don‟t know a word, try to think of a synonym or similar word - If you can‟t think of a suitable replacement word, use a short paraphrase to describe it - If a whole sentence is too complex, try to express the meaning with a more simple expression - Look for words that are similar in English and Spanish - If you know some of the words, try to figure it out with a polite guess (if you see the word „video‟, it could be download, watch, upload …) - Check for spelling, accents, and the items on your grammar checklist - At the end, double check that your translation make sense BE CAREFUL WITH THESE COMMON EXAMINERS’ TRICKS: Negative words and negative meaning words no – no nunca/jamás- never nada – nothing ni – nor ningún/a – not any ningún sitio – nowhere pero – but tampoco – neither excepto – except sin – without apenas – barely casi – almost sólo – only sin embargo – however alguno/a - some evitar – to avoid anular – to cancel cancelar – to cancel dejar de – to stop acabar – to end rechazar – to reject dimitir – to resign negar – to deny rehusar - to refuse Examiners‟ favourites: un poco – a bit poco - not very mañana – tomorrow la mañana – The morning mañana por la mañana -tomorrow morning pasado mañana - the day after tomorrow anteayer - the day before yesterday Lo mismo- The same nadie – nobody ya no – no longer aunque – although a pesar de - despite parar – to stop renunciar – to give up La historia es un poco interesante. La geografía es poco interesante. Mi hermana llegará mañana a las diez. Por la mañana hago los deberes. Tendré los resultados mañana por la mañana Voy a ir de vacaciones pasado mañana Comí en un restaurante español anteayer Es lo mismo little handy words PREPOSITIONS Con - with delante de - in front of detrás de - behind encima de - on top (of) al lado de - next to a la derecha de - to the right of a la izquierda de - to the left of debajo de - under Entre - between FREQUENCY Siempre – always Casi siempre - nearly always A menudo – often A veces - sometimes De vez en cuando – from time to time Pocas veces – not very often Algunas veces - sometimes Con frecuencia - frequently Connectives & Conjunctions Y = and Donde = where También = also Pero = but Sin embargo = however Aunque = however/yet Con = with Sin = without Luego = then Después de = after Antes de = before Porque = because Por un lado = on one hand Por otro lado = on the other hand Por fin = finally Finalmente = finally ‘Fancy’ language Siempre = always Después = later Otra vez= again En este momento = Now No obstante = Nevertheless Además = In addition/Furthermore Por lo tanto = Therefore Como resultado = As a result Sin embargo = However/On the other hand Todavía = Still Aún =Yet A causa de esto= Because of that Gracias a esto = Thanks to that Primero= Firstly En segundo lugar = Secondly Afortunadamente = Fortunately Desafortunadamente = Unfortunately A pesar de esto = In spite of this Se trata de = It’s a question of Mientras que = Whilst No sólo…sino = Not only … but No puedo soportar! = I can’t stand …! El español Intensifiers Bastante Demasiado Muy Realmente +adjetivo Verdaderamente Extremadamente Un poco Tan Adverbs of Frequency quite too Opinions very really really extremely a bit so Quantifiers Mucho/a/os/as = a lot of Un montón de = a load of poco/a/os/as = a little of Demasiado/a/os/as = too many/much La mayoría de = the majority of La mitad de = half of es… = It is Pienso que = I think that Creo que = I believe that Diría que = I would say that Desde mi punto de vista = I’m of the opinion that A mi modo de ver = I’m of the opinion that A mi juicio = In my opinion A mi parecer = I’m of the opinion that Por mi parte = As for me Fue… = It was… duro/a = hard horrible = horrible terrible = awful asqueroso/a = disgusting aburrido/a= boring difícil = difficult soso/a = dull excelente = excellent genial = great emocionante = exciting Va a ser = It’s going to be… bueno/a = good fantástico/a = fantastic será… = It will be… guay = cool interesante = interesting divertido/a = fun/funny sería… = It would be… útil = useful False la lectura el éxito un suceso la librería los servicios mal educado molestar la carpeta actualmente la asistencia pasar un examen advertir recordar retirado sopa chillar disgusto resumir un balón contestar un delito un compromiso un collar por desgracia una discusión ignorar las noticias la letra la red la dirección revisar unos pendientes una pensión friends: Words that look similar to words in English but mean something different reading success an event bookshop toilets bad mannered to bother file/desk currently attendance to sit an exam to warn to remember withdrawn soup to scream displeasure to sum up a ball (large) to answer a crime a commitment a necklace unfortunately an argument to not know the news lyrics/abcd the internet address to check earrings bed and breakfast simpático embarazada la arena un argumento familiar estar constipado un campo un pariente la sanidad blando una fábrica una cita largo pretender preocupar realizar soportar firmar emocionante la falta mayor quitar la carta la jubilación nice/pleasant pregnant sand plot/debate of the family to have a cold a field a relation health soft a factory a date/appointment long to claim to worry to carry out to bear/stand to sign exciting the lack older to take away a letter retirement la diversión un licenciado enjoyment a graduate verbs PRESENTE hablar to speak habl-o habl-as habl-a habl-amos habl-áis habl-an FUTURO SIMPLE comer to eat com-o com-es com-e com-emos com-éis com-en vivir viv-o viv-es viv-e viv-imos viv-ís viv-en to live nadar to swim nadar-é nadar-ás nadar-á nadar-emos nadar-éis nadar-án PRETERITO beber to drink beber-é beber-ás beber-á beber-emos beber-éis beber-án abrir to open abrir-é abrir- ás abrir-á abrir-emos abrir-éis abrir-án preguntar to ask pregunt-é pregunt-aste pregunt-ó pregunt-amos pregunt-ásteis pregunt-aron comer to eat com-í com-iste com-ió com-imos com-ísteis com-ieron escribir to write escrib-í escrib-iste escrib-ió escrib-imos escrib-ísteis escrib-ieron The present tense is used to describe what you’re doing at the present moment in time, e.g: “I am eating breakfast” or what you do routinely, e.g: “I eat breakfast every day”. The future tense is used to say what you will do in the future. The preterite is sometimes known as the simple past. It’s used to talk about events in the past, e.g. I asked, I ate, I wrote. PRESENTE CONTINUO CONDICIONAL IMPERFECTO hablar to speak estoy hablando estás hablando está hablando estamos hablando estáis hablando están hablando comer to eat estoy comiendo estás comiendo está comiendo estamos comiendo estáis comiendo están comiendo vivir to live estoy viviendo estás viviendo está viviendo estamos viviendo estáis viviendo están viviendo The present continous tense is used to indicate what is happening at the time of speaking, or when one action is happening at the same time as another. Estar+past participle PARTICIPIO PRESENTE PARTICIPIO PASADO -AR -ER -IR -AR -ER -IR -ando hablando -iendo comiendo -iendo viviendo -ado -ido -ido hablado comido vivido The present participle or gerund is recognised in English by the ending –ing .e.g. talking, eating, living. To find the past participle of a verb in English, just imagine that the words ‘ I have’ are in front of it. E.g. ‘to eat’ put ‘I have’ in front of it you would say ‘I have eaten’ so ‘eaten’. There is/are= hay There was/were= había In Spanish the infinitive form of a verb always ends with the letter r and falls into three categories: 1) those which end with -ar (ar verbs) e.g. hablar = to speak 2) those which end with -er (er verbs) e.g. comer = to eat 3) those which end with -ir (ir verbs) e.g. vivir = to live For regular verbs in the present, preterite and imperfect tenses, you must first remove the -ar, -er or -ir endings from the infinitive form of the verb, and then add the correspondent endings. nadar to swim nadar-ía nadar-ías nadar-ía nadar-íamos nadar-íais nadar-ían beber to drink beber-ía beber-ías beber-ía beber-íamos beber-íais beber-ían abrir to open abrir-ía abrir-ías abrir-ía abrir-íamos abrir-íais abrir-ían trabajar to work trabaj-aba trabaj-abas trabaj-aba trabaj-ábamos trabaj-ábais trabaj-aban comer to eat com-ía com-ías com-ía com-íamos com-íais com-ían escribir to write escrib-ía escrib-ías escrib-ía escrib-íamos escrib-íais escrib-ían The conditional is recognised in English by the use of the word “would” or sometimes “should”, e.g. “I would swim” The imperfect tense is used for things that ‘used to happen’ or ‘were happening’ e.g.I worked, I used to work, I was working FUTURO INMEDIATO (I am going to +Verb) PRESENTE PRESENTPERFECTO PASADO I am going to work hablar to speak comer to eat Hay he hablado Había he comido there has hablado there has was/were comido ha hablado ha comido is/are hemos hablado hemos comido habéis hablado habéis comido Soy I am Era/estaba was han hablado han comido voy vas va vamos vais van a a a a a a trabajar estudiar beber comer abrir vivir FUTURO vivir to live he Habrá vivido hasthere vivido ha will vivido be hemos vivido habéis vivido Será han vivido The immediate future tense can be used to express what is going to happen in the future. E.g. I am going to work, I am going to study, I am going to drink, I am going to eat…. Es/esta wasalways contains ‘has’estará The present perfectFue in English or ‘have’ in it. E.g.I is have spoken, I have eaten, I have lived. will be Most verbs in Spanish have six forms which correspond to their respective pronouns and which will be listed in the following order: 1) yo (I) 2) tú (you-familiar a person you know well, a familiar relationship) 3) él/ella/usted (he/she/you-formal a person you don’t know, a formal relationship) 4) nosotros/nosotras (we) 5) vosotros/vosotras (you-plural-familiar [only used in Spain]) 6) ellos/ellas/ustedes (they/you-plural-formal [Spain]/you-plural [L. America]) It’s essential that you get the correct ending for the person you’re talking about in Spanish because pronouns don’t tend to be used in Spanish. PASADO PERFECTO Tengo Tenia comer to eat I hablar have to speak I had había hablado había comido Tiene has habías hablado habías comido había hablado había comido habíamos hablado habíamos comido habíais hablado habíais comido Voy I gohabladoFuihabían I wentcomido habían Tendré vivirI will to live have había vivido tendrá habías vivido he/she había vivido habíamos vivido will have habíais vivido Iré vivido habían The past perfect is used to indicate an action that happened and I will go was completed before another action took place in the past. E.g.I had spoken/lived/eaten Hago I do Hice Idid Haré I will do Recognize past/present/future • A - Time expressions • B – Verb endings Presente Time expressions Common verbs PRESENT Hay there is/are Soy I am Es/esta is Tengo I have Tiene has Voy I go Hago I do Verb endings Pasado Time expressions Common verbs PASADO Había there was/were Era/estaba was Fue was Tenia I had Fui I went Hice Idid Antes-before Verb endings Futuro Time expressions Common verbs FUTURO Habrá there will be Será estará will be Tendré I will have tendrá he/she will have después-after Iré I will go Haré I will do Verb endings Negatives - No List of affirmative words and their negative counterparts: algo (something) nada (nothing) alguien (somebody) nadie (nobody) algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something) ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none) siempre (always) nunca (never) jamás (never, ever) Ya/already Ya no/not yet también (also) tampoco (neither, not either) o . . . o (either . . . or) ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)