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Levels Of Organization for Organisms + Tissues: The levels of organization from simplest to most complex are: Cells Tissues Organs System Organism Cells The basic unit of structure and function in the human body Though all cells perform the processes that keep humans alive, they also have specialized functions as well. Examples may be nerve cells (neurons), blood cells, and bone cells. Tissues A group of specialized cells that work together to perform the same function. Histology is the science that deals with the study of tissues. Pathologists specialize in laboratory studies of cells and tissue for diagnoses Tissue Images: Types 4 TYPES OF TISSUES Epithelial Tissues: Covers the body’s surface and organs. Connective Tissues: Tendons, ligaments, cartilage, blood, fat, bone Muscle Tissues: Skeletal Muscles, heart, smooth muscle Nervous Tissues: Brain, spinal cord, nerves Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of the body, inside (as lining and /or covering of internal organs) and outside (as layer of skin) Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Locations: Covers the body Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body Covers the organs inside body cavities Epithelial Tissue Functions: Protection from physical & chemical injury, Protection against microbial invasion, Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures. Classification of epithelial tissues: According “simple” - one cell layer “stratified” – more than one layer of cells (which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical layer) According to thickness to shape “squamous” – wider than tall “cuboidal” – as tall as wide “columnar” - taller than wide Types of Epithelial Tissue: Main function : to protect Types of Epithelial Tissue: Main function: where diffusion is important Main function: where tissues are involved in secretion and absorption: larger cells because of the machinery of production, packaging, and energy requirements Epithelial Tissue Classification Chart: Connective Tissue: Connective tissue – connects all parts of the body and provides support (for example tendons, ligaments, cartilage). Connective Tissue Connective Most abundant & widely distributed tissue Connective Tissue: Tissue Functions: Connects, binds and supports structures, • Tendons, ligaments, etc. Protects & cushions organs and tissues, Insulates (fat) and Transports substances (blood). Connective Tissue Types: • Adipose Stores energy (fat) Insulates Supports & protects organs • Bone Supports & protects Mineral storage Fat storage Blood cell production • Hyalaine cartilage Supports while providing flexibility Absorbs compression between bones in joints (articular cartilage) Holds open respiratory passages Most abundant type of cartilage in body Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue: Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body. Muscle Tissue Functions: Movement Locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Facial expressions Pumps blood Peristalsis Three types of muscle tissue tissue – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) contract and shorten, making body parts move Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Smooth Nervous Tissue: Nerve tissue – carries impulses back and forth to the brain from the body Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue: Main component of the nervous system, ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves. Nervous Tissue Functions: Regulates & controls body functions Generates & transmits nerve impulses Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons. Organs A group of two or more different types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function. The task is generally more complex than that of the tissue. For example, the heart is made of muscle and connective tissues which functions to pump blood throughout the body. Systems A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function. Each organ system has its own function but the systems work together and depend on one another. There are eleven different organ systems in the human body: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal. Concept map example of Organization of Life: