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BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
What is so important about the Brain?
____ of adult body
weight BUT
consumes ____ of O2 &
glucose
Is brain size an indication
of intelligence?
Phrenology and
Sherlock…
The Brain: the big picture…
The basic components of
the CNS include the:
• _________
• ___________
• ______________
• _______________
• _____________
The Brain: development…
Our central nervous
system has humble
origins early in our
development (by ______)
A plate (___________) of
cells develop crests
(___________) that rise
and eventually meet and
fuse leaving the hollow
dorsal nerve cord & and
___________ of our CNS
The Brain: development…
What happens if midline tissues DON’T meet
and fuse?
Failure of vertebral arch
formation can result in ______
_______. In mild cases results
in a dimple or discolored spot
(____________), severe cases
(____________), meninges,
CSF and nervous tissue may
protrude.
The Brain: from the outside in…
The brain and spinal cord are
protected by meninges
3 layers:
_________ ~ outermost, tough,
continuous with periosteum
_______________ ~ middle
layer, spider-web appearance
___________ ~ innermost
layer, not visible to naked eye
The Brain: from the outside in…
The dura mater helps keep the
brain in position and the
___________________ (CSF)
helps cushion/protect the brain
Where does the fluid come
from?
______________ on ventricle
walls
______________ allow fluids
in from capillaries
The Brain: from the outside in…
100-160ml of CSF circulates
throughout the ventricles, down
the central canal of the spinal
cord and throughout the
__________ __________.
CSF is reabsorbed back into
blood primarily at the _______
___________ found within the
dura mater.
The Brain: from the outside in…
Ventricles are comprised of 4 major
cavities:
1&2 ~ _____ and ________________
______________ space within
thalamus
_____________ between cerebellum
and brainstem
channel connecting 3rd and 4th
cerebral (mesencephalon) aqueduct
and if blocked can result in
____________
The Brainstem: ________________
Most inferior portion, functions as
a conduction pathway (descending
motor neuron pathways ________
here)
Reflex centers for:
__________________
blood vessel diameter
__________________
breathing
__________________
The Brainstem: ______
Superior to ____________
____________.
Contains more ascending
and descending pathways.
Relays information from
________ to __________.
Also includes sleep and
respiratory centers.
The Brainstem: _____________
Small section superior to
the _____.
Part of the auditory
pathways and visual
reflexes
Also involved in regulating
_____________/activity
and coordination
The Brain: __________________
2 types of nuclei:
Cranial nerves III-XII
and
Reticular Formation nuclei which
are scattered throughout
brainstem
Many pathways from RF project
directly to cerebrum to modulate
activity
________ (repetitive stimuli)
__________________________
The Diencephalon: ____________
“Gateway to cerebral cortex”
Most _____________ project
to the thalamus, which in turn
projects to the cerebrum.
Thalamus also influences
_____ and activities associated
with strong emotion.
(Two concepts: ____________
and __________)
The Diencephalon: _________________
Major control center of
autonomic nervous system
and endocrine system.
Centers associated with:
* __________________
* __________________
* __________________
* __________________
* __________________
* __________________
BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
The Brain: Cerebrum (lobes)
Cerebrum divided into 4
lobes:
_________: _____________,
motivation, aggression, smell
and mood
_________: __________ and
evaluation of sensory info.
_________: smell, hearing,
______ and abstract thought
_________: _____ processing
The Brain: Cerebrum (bumps and grooves)
The sulcus dividing
frontal and parietal lobes
is ______ ________.
Ridges on either side are
____ & _____ _____
Motor
Pre CS ~ ______ ______
Post CS ~ _______
_______ _______
Sensory
The Brain: Cerebrum (makin’ waves)
Sum electrical
activity can be
read as waves
with ____
bio-feedback to
control brain
activity
The Brain: Cerebrum (memories)
3 types:
__________ ~ less than a second
__________ ~ seconds to minutes (about 7 bits)
__________ ~ minutes to life time
associated with re-shaping neurons and formation of
memory engrams (pattern of neurons and their
connections)
_________
_________ ~ Pavlov
The Brain: Cerebrum (hemispheres)
Not really a “dominant”
side
Hemispheres communicate
via the ________ _______
Structurally and
functionally different
Right brain -- usually
_______________
Left brain -- usually
_______________
Anterior
Smell R.
Verb. Mem.
Smell L.
Shape mem.
Musical
Symbolic
Language
Intuitive
Spatial
Posterior
The Brain: Cerebellum
Responsible for _______,
____________ and
____________
Fine motor coordination
due to ___________
__________… compares
intended movements with
actual movements
Can also “learn” complex
movements
BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
What is the anatomy of the spinal cord?
Spinal cord is link between ______
and _________
Spinal cord ends ~ ____ vertebra
but trailing nerves form _________
____________
Enlargements for regions
innervating limbs (________ and
______________)
Regions of convergence/divergence
called ______________es
How are the layers of the meninges arranged?
The ___________
extends down the
vertebral foramen.
There is a
____________ that
is largely a
“potential space”
The __________
and ___________
are arranged
similarly as in the
cranium.
How does spinal anesthesia work?
Epidurals and
spinal blocks:
anesthetics
injected into the
__________ and
____________
spaces
respectively.
How does spinal cord form denote function?
Spinal cord
contains white
and gray matter
gangli
(Remember the
significance of each?)
Spinal cord w/ distinct anterior and posterior formations,
including “horns” of gray matter.
___________ contains neuron cell bodies that synapse with
afferent neurons.
____________ contains neuron cell bodies that send
efferent axon
___________ ~ autonomic neuron cell bodies
What are the various spinal reflexes and how
do they work?
Stretch reflex:
1)
2)
3)
4)
What are the various spinal reflexes and how
do they work?
Golgi tendon
reflex:
1)
2)
3)
4)
What are the various spinal reflexes and how
do they work?
Withdrawal
reflex:
1)
2)
3)
4)
What are the various spinal reflexes and how
do they work?
Reciprocal
innervation
(withdrawal 2)
reflex:
1)
2)
3)
4)
What are the various spinal reflexes and how
do they work?
Crossed
extensor
(withdrawal 3)
reflex:
1)
2)
3)
How does the spinal cord bridge the gap
between CNS and the rest of the body?
Numerous pathways
exist connecting
receptors, association
neurons, and regions
of the CNS.
Usually named by
origin/insertion
Ex. Spinothalamic
tract
Does the spinal cord have any
peripheral nerves?
31 pairs of nerves
associated with the
spinal cord (spinal
nerves) lettered
and numbered in
same fashion as
vertebrae
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
What is the association between cutaneous
sensation and spinal nerves?
Spinal nerves innervate
specific regions of the
body and are mapped
out on a ____________
________
Predict the possible site
of nerve damage for a
patient who suffered
whiplash and developed
anesthesia in the left
arm, forearm and hand!