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Plant Structure and Function Biotechnology II Essential Question(s) Why are plants important to our Biosphere? What role do key plant structures play in the growth and development of the plant? How is Biotechnology contributing to agriculture industry and development of economically viable plants? Plants are vital to the Planet’s Well-Being Source of food for animals directly or indirectly Provide shelter and breeding areas for animals Roots prevent soil erosion Photosynthesis helps reduce CO2 and raise O2 in the atmosphere minimize the effect of burning fossil fuels causing rise in atmospheric CO2 Significance to Biotechnology Biotechnology is interested in producing a variety of economically important crops with desirable traits Accomplished by Manipulating their DNA Putting those desirable traits into different plant varieties through plant breeding, also known as artificial selection Examples of Plant Engineering Make their own insecticides • Improve nutritional traits • High lysine seeds; bcarotene in rice Improve environmental adaptation of plants • Combat leaf feeding caterpillars More drought tolerant, salt tolerant Using plants as bioreactors • Plastics, oils, drugs produced in plants Plant Body Shoots –divided in stems and leaves Conduct photosynthesis provide sugar and other organic nutrients to roots and nonphotosynthetic tissue Contain flowers through sexual reproduction produce seeds –lead to next generation of plants Roots Provides water and minerals to shoot Plants require both Roots Found below ground Function: Anchors the plant Absorbs water and various ion Critical for plant’s nutrition Stores Food Produce Hormones Chemical signals that control plant growth and development Roots Two Fibrous Root types Fibrous Highly branched Found close to surface of soil Taproot One main root Grows deep into soil Lateral roots Branch off main root Smaller in diameter and length Taproot Root Structure Root Tip –divided into Four Zones Root Cap Region of Cell Division Region of Cell Elongation Region of Maturation Shoot system Made of leaves, stem and organs for reproduction (e.g. flowers) Stem- above ground and supports leaves and flowers Nodes – points where petiole attach Internodes- region between nodes Function of Stem Support for leaves Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves Transports carbohydrates from leaves to nonphotosynthetic tissue Production of hormones Buds on Stem Terminal bud- at top of stem Where apical meristem located Function of apical meristem-produce new stems that elongate and causing plant to grow in height Axillary bud – present between petiole and stem Develop into lateral branches or flowers Apical Dominance Terminal bud synthesizes hormones that inhibit growth of axillary bud Evolutionary adaptation- concentrate resources on stem growing taller and increasing plant’s exposure to light Remove terminal buds – stimulate growth of axillary buds Specialized Stems Stolons-stems which grow horizontally at the soil surface or just below ground At nodes form adventitious roots At buds form new plants Examples strawberries Grasses Potato tubers – modified stolonused for storing carbohydrates Specialized Stems Rhizomes- stem that is found underground Main stem from plant Unlike stolons, that sprout from existing stem Roots and shoots sprout from its nodes Example Ginger Specialized Stems Bulbs Short stems with fleshy leaves Function as food storage organs Ex. onions Leaves Most prominent of shoot organ Major light capturing organ of most plants Can you think of an exception? Where bulk of photosynthesis takes place Attached to a slender stalk known as the petiole Petiole attaches the leaf to the stem Leaves Come in Variety of Forms Simple leaf- single, undivided blade attached to petiole Compound Leaf – blade divided into leaflets Pinnately compound – leaflets occurs in pairs along a central axis Palmately compound – leaflets radiate from a common point Leaves contain Stomata Stomata are pores in the leaf Pores surrounded by guard cells that causes the pores to open and close Function of stomata Control water loss from the plant Conserve water –stomata close Lower plant temperature – stomata open Control the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis Need CO2 – stomata open CO2 within plant plentiful – stomata close Plant Tissues Specialized tissue and cells found in plant organs Tissues work together to allow the plant to complete basic life functions Storage of food/water Protection Transport of water, minerals, and food Example of Plant Tissues Tissue Function Location Epidermis Covering, protection Surface of plant organs Meristem Cell division In shoot / leaf buds, root tips Cortex Water, food storage Filling stems/roots Xylem Water/mineral transport Roots, stems, leaf/flower veins Phloem Food and sap transport Roots, stems, leaf/flower veins Parenchyma Water, food storage Filling stems/roots Collenchyma Support Thick-walled cells of plant organs Meristematic Tissue To biotechnologists, particularly interested in meristematic tissue – region where cell division occurs Cells divide by mitosis From this tissue, create new shoots and roots via tissue culture Answer the following questions: 1. Why would biotechnology be interested in plants? 2. What is the function of roots, of stems? 3. What role do each of the following parts of the root tip play in root growth? Root cap Zone of cell division Zone of cell elongation Zone of maturation 4. Explain the role of terminal bud, axillary bud found on the stem. 5. You want to make a plant more bushy rather than tall and skinny. How would you alter the plant to make that happen? 6. Explain the difference between a compound leaf and simple leaf? 7. What is the function of stomata? 8. Why is meristematic tissue of significance to biotechnologists?