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Geology Earth Chemistry Minerals Rocks Matter • Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space • States of matter – basic forms in which matter exists, including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma Matter • Property – characteristics that describes matter • Physical property – characteristic of a substance or an object that can be observed without changing the substance into a different substance • Chemical property – characteristic that describes how a substance changes into a different substance Properties • Physical Properties – – – – – – – – – Color Shape Size Weight Density State Taste Feel Smell • Chemical Properties – – – – Burning Rusting Oxidation Nuclear reactions Elements • Element – substance that cannot be changed or separated into other kinds of substances • Atoms – smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element – Ex. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, iron, calcium, sodium are atoms and elements – Difference is that an element can be visible, but an atom is not Atoms • Contain a nucleus, the center of the atom , which is made of protons and neutrons • Electron orbitals, or energy levels, are located on the outside of the nucleus where the electrons are located. Compounds and Mixtures • Compound – • Mixture – two or more substance formed elements mixed together, when the atoms of two but not joined chemically or more elements join • Two substances chemically dissolved in one another; • Two chemically unique can be separated substance join to form naturally a new substance; • Salt + Water = salty cannot be separated water naturally • 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Compounds • Chemical bond – sharing or transfer of electrons between two or more atoms • Formulas for compounds are used to represent compounds 1. Identify the elements by their symbol 2. Determine the number of atoms of each element. H2O, NaCl, Fe2O3, NaHCO3, CaCO3 Minerals • Solids • Formed naturally in the Earth • Have the same chemical makeup throughout • Not alive or made of living things • Have definite atomic patterns • Can be found as pure elements, such as gold and sulfur, or compounds, such as quartz and gypsum Minerals • Found in rocks, sand, soil, and seashells, mostly beneath the Earth’s surface • Found dissolved in water • Mined through strip mining or deep earth mining • Deposits need to be refined, separated from the rock and purified. Quartz Sulfur Diamond Calcite Magnetite Gypsum Properties for Identification • Color – different colors are used to identify the various minerals. Some minerals may have more than one color • Luster – how a mineral reflects light; metallic luster (shiny) and nonmetallic luster (dull) • Streak – color of the mark a mineral makes on white tile (streak plate) Properties for Identification • Hardness – ability of a mineral to resist being scratched (Mohs’ scale, 1 to 10) • Crystal shape – basic shape that a mineral tends to take (cubes, six sided, etc.) • Cleavage – ability to split along flat surfaces – Fracture: jagged break pattern • Specific gravity – mineral’s weight compared to the weight of water – Specific gravity = weight of sample/weight of H2O Common Uses • Minerals can be changed to do a specific job • Minerals used to conduct electricity • Minerals used in household items, such as pencils, silverware, hardware, and toothpaste • Minerals used to make glass, circuits, and cans • Minerals can be used for jewelry, such as gold silver, diamond, topaz and garnet. Rocks • Rock – natural, solid material made of one or more minerals • Igneous rock – rock formed from melted minerals that have cooled and hardened • Metamorphic rock – rock that has been changed by intense heat, pressure, and chemical reactions • Sedimentary rock – rock formed from pieces of other rock and organic matter that have been pressed together Granite (igneous) Conglomerate (sedimentary) Schist (metamorphic) Igneous Rock • Form from cooling magma, hot liquid rock inside the Earth • Intrusive rock – igneous rock that forms underground from cooling magma – Texture: size of crystals in an igneous rock • Extrusive rock – igneous rock that forms from cooled lava, magma that reaches the surface, on the Earth’s surface Igneous Rock Granite (intrusive igneous) Obsidian (extrusive igneous Sedimentary Rock • Sediment – solid material, such as sand, soil, pebbles, and organic matter, that is carried in air, water, or ice and settles out • Compaction – pressure applied to sediments • Cementation – mixing and hardening together of sediments Sedimentary Rock • Clastic rock – sedimentary rock made mainly from fragments of other rocks – Conglomerate: clastic rock made of round pebbles cemented together • Chemical rock – sedimentary rock that forms from chemicals dissolved in water – Limestone, rock salt, gypsum • Organic rock – sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of living things – Coal, limestone, chalk Conglomerate Coal Limestone Metamorphic Rock • Form from heat and pressure inside of the Earth • Foliated rocks – metamorphic rock in which minerals have been rearranged into visible bands • Nonfoliated rocks – metamorphic rock that does not show bands. Slate (folliated) Marble (nonfolliated Rock Cycle • Series of natural changes that cause one type of rock to become another type of rock • Heat and pressure change rock into various forms • Compacting and cementation will create sedimentary rock • Weathering and erosion, breaking apart of rock, will make sediments Rock cycle