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Transcript
Chapter 12 Ecosystems Mr. McCloskey College Bound Biology The State of Our World • Population: 6,446,131,400 and increasing rapidly. • Global warming • Habitat destruction • Species extinction • Ozone depletion Ecology and Ecosystems • Ecology = The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical environment. Ecology and Ecosystems • Community = The organisms that live in a particular place, such as a stream. Ecology and Ecosystems • Ecologists = The scientists who specialize in ecology. • Salary : $36,384 $66,108. Ecology and Ecosystems • Habitat = The physical location of a community. Ecology and Ecosystems • Ecosystem = The self-sustaining collection of organisms and their physical environment. Ecology and Ecosystems • Diversity = The number of species living in an ecosystem and how common each species is. – 10 Crayfish – 5 dragonflies 2 Mayflies 1 Black fly Why Study Ecology? To prevent pollution Conserve resources Help your children Why Study Ecology? • Ecosystems are very complex. • They could contain hundreds or thousands of interacting species. Why Study Ecology? • Understanding ecosystems by asking 2 questions. • #1 Where does the energy for organisms come from? • #2 Where do minerals and inorganic substances come from for organisms? Why Study Ecology? • So what happens to an ecosystem if one organism where to be removed? (Lets say the crayfish) Energy in Ecosystems • Producers = The organisms that take in energy from their surroundings and store it in complex molecules. – Plants – Algae – Bacteria Energy in Ecosystems Consumers = Organisms that obtain their energy by consuming other organisms. Animals Protists Fungi Bacteria Energy in Ecosystems • Decomposers = Organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic wastes (feces, urine, dead plants and animals) • Fungi • Bacteria The Food Chain Energy in Ecosystems • Trophic Level = A group of organisms whose energy sources are the same number of steps away from the sun. Energy in Ecosystems • Autotrophs = Plants and other organisms that make their own food. Energy in Ecosystems • Herbivores = Are plant eaters. • Usually found in the second trophic level. Energy in Ecosystems • Carnivores = Flesh eaters • Usually found in the third trophic level or above. Energy in Ecosystems • Omnivores = organisms that eat both plants and animals. Energy in Ecosystems • Heterotrophs = Organisms living in trophic levels above the first trophic level (above the autotrophs). Energy in Ecosystems • Food web = The movement of energy through an ecosystem in a complex network of feeding relationships. • Notice the arrows show the flow of energy, not who is eating who. Ecological Pyramid • This shows the loss of overall energy from one trophic level to the next. • Also, think about the numbers of each organism.